カテゴリー「obstetrics and gynecology」
Title: In utero exposure to A-bomb radiation and mental retardation; a reassessment
Author: Masanori Otake, Ph.D. and William J. Schull, Ph.D.
Reference: British Journal of Radiology (1984) 57, 409-414
doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-57-677-409
Keywords: utero exposure, A-bomb, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, mental retardation
Abstract: The prevalence of mental retardation in children exposed in utero to the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been re-evaluated in reference to gestational age and tissue dose in the fetus. There was no risk at 0–8 weeks postconception. The highest risk of forebrain damage occurred at 8–15 weeks of gestational age, the time when the most rapid proliferation of neuronal elements and when most, if not all, neuroblast migration to the cerebral cortex from the proliferative zones is occurring. Overall, the risk is five or more times greater in these weeks than in subsequent ones. In the critical period, damage expressed as the frequency of subsequent mental retardation appears to be linearly related to the dose received by the fetus. A linear model is not equally applicable to radiation-related mental retardation after the 15th week, the observed values suggesting that there a threshold may exist. The data are consistent with a probability of occurrence of mental retardation of 0.40% per cGy or 40% per gray.
URL: http://bjr.birjournals.org/content/57/677/409
Title: Chernobyl fallout and perinatal mortality in England and Wales
Author: Graham Bentham
Reference: Environ Res. 1994 Nov;67(2):149–159
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90324-6
Keywords: Chernobyl fallout, perinatal mortality, England, Wales
Abstract: Previous studies have concluded that radioactive fallout from Chernobyl may have caused an increase in perinatal mortality in West Germany and the U.S.A. The existence of marked geographical variations in contamination from Chernobyl in England and Wales provides an opportunity to investigate this question further by means of a geographical study. The highest doses from Chernobyl in England and Wales were in the counties of Cumbria, Clwyd and Gwynedd where there was heavy rainfall during the passage of the radioactive cloud. However, perinatal mortality in these areas did not rise relative to the national average in the year following Chernobyl. This negative finding was confirmed by a wider study of 14 counties grouped in accordance with levels of radioactive contamination of local milk. It is concluded that this study provides no evidence that radiation from Chernobyl caused a rise in perinatal mortality in England and Wales.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0277953691903246
Title: Pregnancy outcome in Finland after the Chernobyl accident
Author: T Harjulehto, T Rahola, M Suomela, H Arvela, L Saxén
Reference: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 45, Issue 6, 1991, Pages 263–266
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0753-3322(91)90027-Q
Keywords: Pregnancy, Finland
Abstract: The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant caused radioactive fallout in Finland in April–May 1986. The fallout was unevenly distributed geographically, and, accordingly, the country was divided into 3 fallout zones. Wholebody radioactivity measurements of randomly chosen persons showed that the regional differences prevailed throughout the following 2 years. Data for legal abortions, registered congenital malformations as well as preterm births and stillbirths of malformed children were collected. The corresponding expected figures were obtained from statistics for 1984 and 1985. No differences in the expected/observed rates of the above parameters were detected.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/075333229190027Q
Title: Pregnancy outcome in Sweden after the Chernobyl accident
Author: Ericson A, Källén B.
Reference: Environ Res. 1994 Nov;67(2):149–159
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1994.1070
Keywords: pregnancy, Sweden
Abstract: To study pregnancy outcome including development of childhood cancer in areas within Sweden with the highest radioactive fallout after the Chernobyl accident in 1986.
URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001393518471070X
Title: Selective monitoring for a Chernobyl effect on pregnancy outcome in Kiev, 1969-1989
Author: Buzhievskaya TI, Tchaikovskaya TL, Demidova GG, Koblyanskaya GN.
Reference: Hum Biol. 1995 Aug; 67(4):657–672
Keywords: Pregnancy, Ukraine
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to determine the frequency of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Kiev during the period surrounding the Chernobyl accident on April 26, 1986. Additional effective equivalent doses resulting from the catastrophic irradiation in 1986-1991 was 8.04 mSv for Kiev inhabitants. We retrospectively analyzed the archives of the two largest obstetric hospitals between 1969 and 1990. Spontaneous miscarriages, congenital anomalies, and perinatal mortality varied during the two decades without any pronounced changes in any direction. Additional longterm follow-up is needed to determine mutagenic or carcinogenic effects.
URL:http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/41465414?uid=25665&uid=3738328&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3&uid=67&uid=25664&uid=62&uid=5911992&sid=21102514197077
Title: The effects of the Chernobyl explosion on induced abortion in Italy
Author: Spinelli A, Osborn JF
Reference: Biomed Pharmacother. 1991;45(6):243–247
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0753-3322(91)90024-N
Keywords: Chernobyl, induced abortion, Italy
Abstract: Four regression models have been fitted to data of the monthly number of induced abortions in Italy between January 1984 and April 1986, in order to predict the number which would have occurred in the 5 months following the Chernobyl explosion. In model I the average number of abortions per day in each month was the dependent variable and calendar months, a linear time trend and previous month’s value were the independent variables. Model II included a quadratic time trend term in addition to the independent variables used in model I. Models III and IV were like models I and II except that the dependent variable was the average number of abortions per working day in each month and the effect of the previous month’s value was omitted. The 4 models all implied that an excess number of abortions were performed in the 5 months following the Chernobyl accident. The mean daily excess was estimated to be 28 and 52 per day for models I and II and the mean excess per working day was estimated to be 20 and 30 by models III and IV, respectively. Clearly the estimated magnitude of the excess depends on whether the quadratic time trend is included among the explanatory variables, but these results imply that the excess is unlikely to be merely due to chance.
URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/075333229190024N
Title: Perinatal mortality in Bavaria, Germany, after the Chernobyl reactor accident
Author: Grosche B, Irl C, Schoetzau A, van Santen E.
Reference: Radiat Environ Biophys. 1997 Jun;36(2):129–136
DOI: 10.1007/s004110050064
Keywords: perinatal mortality, Germany
Abstract: As has been shown by the authors of a paper recently published in this journal, a deviation from a long-term trend in perinatal mortality within the former Federal Republic of Germany occurred in 1987, i.e. 1 year following the Chernobyl disaster. It is the aim of this study to make a comparison between the areas of the state Bavaria. Germany, with different fallout levels as well as between the observed and expected numbers of perinatal deaths relating to these areas. The expected numbers of perinatal deaths, defined as external standard, were derived from the remainder of the former FRG. Testing an a priori formulated hypothesis revealed no differences in the temporal development of perinatal mortality between the areas with different fallout levels and subsequent exposure. Including May 1986 into the analysis revealed a significant increase during the first 3 months after the accident, which is due to an excess in May alone. Since no elevated radiation risks for the last days in utero are known, the additional Chernobyl radiation exposure is not plausible as a causative agent. Further analyses on stillbirths showed an increase in Southern Bavaria during the first 2 years following the accident. Later on, the rates were comparable to the expected values again.
URL:http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs004110050064
Title: Perinatal mortality in Germany following the Chernobyl accident
Author: Körblein A, Küchenhoff H.
Reference: Radiat Environ Biophys. 1997 Feb;36(1):3–7
Keywords: perinatal mortality, Germany
Abstract: Perinatal mortality in Germany was investigated with respect to a possible relationship to the nuclear accident in Chernobyl on April 26, 1986. Using annual data of perinatal mortality, a trend analysis based on an appropriately chosen statistical model was performed which showed a significant increase in 1987. In addition, we calculated the cesium concentration in women’s bodies using data of the cesium concentration in milk. We found two peaks of cesium concentration that were associated with the observed two peaks of monthly perinatal mortality data with a delay of 7 months.
URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9128892
http://chernobyl.iatp.by/n1/Koerb_en.htm
Title: Female reproductive function in areas affected by radiation after the Chernobyl power station accident
Author: Kulakov VI, Sokur TN, Volobuev AI, Tzibulskaya IS, Malisheva VA, Zikin BI, Ezova LC, Belyaeva LA, Bonartzev PD, Speranskaya NV, et al.
Reference: Environ Health Perspect. 1993 Jul;101 (Suppl 2):117–123
Keywords: female reproductive function, Belarus, Ukraine
Abstract: [This paper reports the results of a comprehensive survey of the effects of the accidental release of radiation caused by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in April 1986. The accident and the resulting release of radiation and radioactive products into the atmosphere produced the most serious environmental contamination so far recorded. We have concentrated on evaluating the outcomes and health risks to women, their reproductive situation, and consequences for their progeny. We have concentrated on two well-defined areas: the Chechersky district of the Gomel region in Belorussia and the Polessky district of the Kiev region in the Ukraine….]
URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519931/
Title: Elevated Minisatellite Mutation Rate in the Post-Chernobyl Families from Ukraine
Author: Yuri E. Dubrova, Gemma Grant, Anatoliy A. Chumak, Vasyl A. Stezhka, Angela N. Karakasian
Reference: Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71:801–809, 2002
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/342729
Keywords:Germline mutation, minisatellite, Ukraine
Abstract: Germline mutation at eight human minisatellite loci has been studied among families from rural areas of the Kiev and Zhitomir regions of Ukraine, which were heavily contaminated by radionuclides after the Chernobyl accident. The control and exposed groups were composed of families containing children conceived before and after the Chernobyl accident, respectively. The groups were matched by ethnicity, maternal age, parental occupation, and smoking habits, and they differed only slightly by paternal age. A statistically significant 1.6-fold increase in mutation rate was found in the germline of exposed fathers, whereas the maternal germline mutation rate in the exposed families was not elevated. These data, together with the results of our previous analysis of the exposed families from Belarus, suggest that the elevated minisatellite mutation rate can be attributed to post-Chernobyl radioactive exposure. The mechanisms of mutation induction at human minisatellite loci are discussed.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707603668
