タグ「Cesium」
Title: The chernobyl accident: Modelling of dispersion over europe of the radioactive plume and comparison with air activity measurements
Author: Armand Albergel, Daniel Martin, Bernard Strauss, Jean-Michel Gros
Reference: Atmospheric Environment (1967), Volume 22, Issue 11, 1988, Pages 2431-2444
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90475-1
Keywords: Long-range; modelling; radioisotopes; caesium; Chernobyl; nuclear; accident; trajectories; dispersion
Abstract: Following the release of radionuclides from the Chernobyl power plant accident, a long-range transport and deposition model is used to describe the plume dispersion over Europe. The aim of this study is the validation of a fast Lagrangjan model and a better understanding of the relative impact of some mechanisms, such as the initial plume rise. Comparisons between results and 137Cs measurement activity are discussed according to spatial and temporal variations. It is shown that many measurements can be explained only if the initial plume rise taken at 925, 850 and 700mb is considered.
URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004698188904751
Title: Gamma-dose rates from terrestrial and Chernobyl radionuclides inside and outside settlements in the Bryansk Region, Russia in 1996–2003
Author: Valery Ramzaev, Hidenori Yonehara, Ralf Hille, Anatoly Barkovsky, Arkady Mishine, Sarat Kumar Sahoo, Katsumi Kurotaki, Masafumi Uchiyama
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 85, Issues 2–3, 2006, Pages 205-227
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.04.014
Keywords: Chernobyl accident; Cesium; Terrestrial radionuclides; Gamma-dose rates; Effective doses
Abstract: In order to estimate current external gamma doses to the population of the Russian territories contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl accident, absorbed gamma-dose rates in air (DR) were determined at typical urban and suburban locations. The study was performed in the western districts of the Bryansk Region within the areas of 30 settlements (28 villages and 2 towns) with the initial levels of 137Cs deposition ranging from 13 to 4340 kBq m−2. In the towns, the living areas considered were private one-story wooden and stone houses. DR values were derived from in situ measurements performed with the help of gamma-dosimeters and gamma-spectrometers as well as from the results of soil samples analysis. In the areas under study, the values of DR from terrestrial radionuclides were 25 ± 6, 24 ± 5, 50 ± 10, 32 ± 6, 54 ± 11, 24 ± 8, 20 ± 6, 25 ± 8, and 18 ± 5 nGy h−1 at locations of kitchen gardens, dirt surfaces, asphalt surfaces, wooden houses, stone houses, grasslands inside settlement, grasslands outside settlement, ploughed fields, and forests, respectively. In 1996–2001, mean normalized (per MBq m−2 of 137Cs current inventory in soil) values of DR from 137Cs were 0.41 ± 0.07, 0.26 ± 0.13, 0.15 ± 0.07, 0.10 ± 0.05, 0.05 ± 0.04, 0.48 ± 0.12, 1.04 ± 0.22, 0.37 ± 0.07, and 1.15 ± 0.19 μGy h−1 at the locations of kitchen gardens, dirt surfaces, asphalt surfaces, wooden houses, stone houses, grasslands inside settlement, grasslands outside settlement, ploughed fields, and forests, respectively. The radiometric data from this work and the values of occupancy factors determined for the Russian population by others were used for the assessments of annual effective doses to three selected groups of rural population. The normalized (per MBq m−2137Cs current ground deposition) external effective doses to adults from 137Cs ranged from 0.66 to 2.27 mSv y−1 in the years 1996–2001, in accordance with professional activities and structures of living areas. For the areas under study, the average external effective doses from 137Cs were estimated to be in the range of 0.39–1.34 mSv y−1 in 2001. The average external effective doses from natural radionuclides appeared to be lower than those from the Chernobyl fallout ranging from 0.15 to 0.27 mSv y−1.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X05002171
Title: Justification of remediation strategies in the long term after the Chernobyl accident
Author: S. Fesenko, P. Jacob, A. Ulanovsky, A. Chupov, I. Bogdevich, N. Sanzharova, V. Kashparov, A. Panov, Yu. Zhuchenka
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 119, May 2013, Pages 39-47
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.08.012
Keywords: Chernobyl accident; Caesium; Ionizing radiation; Radiation protection; Rehabilitation; Remediation
Abstract: Following the accident at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl a number of different remedial actions were developed and implemented in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Recommendations on the application of countermeasures and remedial actions were published by the IAEA as “Guidelines for agricultural countermeasures following an accidental release of radionuclides” in 1994. Since then, new information on the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment and effectiveness of countermeasures in the long term has been obtained and reviewed by many projects, including the Chernobyl Forum. Additionally, new approaches to derive remediation strategies were developed and successfully implemented in the most affected countries. This paper describes a justification of the remediation strategies suggested for rehabilitation of the areas most affected by the Chernobyl accident based on this experience.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X10001992
Title: Validation of the ICRP model for caesium intake by lactating mothers with Italian data after the Chernobyl fallout.
Author: Giussani, Augusto / Risica, Serena
Reference: Environment international, 39 (1), p.122-127, Feb 2012
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.010
Keywords: Caesium; Breast milk; Urine; ICRP model; Breastfeeding
Abstract: ► The transfer of radiocaesium from diet to human breast milk was investigated. ► Measurements made after the Chernobyl fallout are compared to ICRP model predictions. ► The ICRP model describes well caesium concentrations in breast milk and its pattern. ► Description of urinary excretion is less satisfactory.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412011002558
Title: ASSESSMENT OF THE RADIONUCLIDE COMPOSITION OF “HOT PARTICLES” SAMPLED IN THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT FOURTH REACTOR UNIT
Author: Farfan, E. / Jannik, T. / Marra, J.
Reference: HEALTH PHYSICS JOURNAL, Oct 2011
Keywords: 21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS; AMERICIUM; BURNUP; CESIUM; CESIUM ISOTOPES; CONFINEMENT; CURIUM; EUROPIUM; NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS; PLUTONIUM; RADIOISOTOPES; SHELTERS
Abstract: Fuel-containing materials sampled from within the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) 4th Reactor Unit Confinement Shelter were spectroscopically studied for gamma and alpha content. Isotopic ratios for cesium, europium, plutonium, americium, and curium were identified and the fuel burnup in these samples was determined. A systematic deviation in the burnup values based on the cesium isotopes, in comparison with other radionuclides, was observed. The conducted studies were the first ever performed to demonstrate the presence of significant quantities of {sup 242}Cm and {sup 243}Cm. It was determined that there was a systematic underestimation of activities of transuranic radionuclides in fuel samples from inside of the ChNPP Confinement Shelter, starting from {sup 241}Am (and going higher), in comparison with the theoretical calculations.
URL: http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=2&page=0&osti_id=1024191
- Title: Integrative measures of consumption rates in salmon: expansion and application of a trace element approach
Author: BRIAN P. KENNEDY, BJOERN KLAUE, JOEL D. BLUM and CAROL L. FOLT
Reference: Journal of Applied, Ecology 200441 , 1009–1020
doi:
Keywords: assimilation, bioenergetics, caesium (Cs), critical period, Atlantic salmon
Abstract: ► Establishing reliable estimates of consumption is necessary for understanding the physiology, bioenergetics and trophic relationships of organisms. For fish, the inability to measure consumption directly prevents a mechanistic understanding of habitat– foraging relationships. Building upon established models for 137caesium (Cs) mass balance in fish, we used natural abundances of a stable geologically derived isotope of Cs to estimate consumption rates over the first growing season for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and to derive a general model that provides integrative estimates of consumption rates for individuals of all sizes.
URL: http://www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/cifees/publications/kennedy_jae2004.pdf
- Title: Estimating the exposure of small mammals at three sites within the Chernobyl exclusion zone – a test application of the ERICA Tool
Author: Beresford, N.A. / Gaschak, S. / Barnett, C.L. / Howard, B.J. / Chizhevsky, I. / Strømman, G. / Oughton, D.H. / (…) / Copplestone, D.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99 (9), p.1496-1502, Sep 2008
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.03.002
Keywords:Thermoluminescent dosimeter; External dose rate; ERICA; Plutonium; Caesium; Strontium; Small mammals; Chernobyl
Abstract: An essential step in the development of any modelling tool is the validation of its predictions. This paper describes a study conducted within the Chernobyl exclusion zone to acquire data to conduct an independent test of the predictions of the ERICA Tool which is designed for use in assessments of radiological risk to the environment.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X08000477
- Title: Modeling and interpreting element ratios in water and sediments: A sensitivity analysis of post-Chernobyl Ru : Cs ratios
Author: J. Hilton and E. Rigg, W. Davison, J. Hamilton- Taylor, and M. Kelly, F. R. Livens, D. L. Singleton
Reference: Limnol. Oceanogr., 40(7), 1995, 1302-1309
doi:
Keywords:
Abstract: When elements are simultaneously added to lakes, experimentally or by accident, their ratios in the water phase and in bottom sediments can change with time due to differential partitioning between solution and suspended particles or sediments. A number of equations are developed to show the change of ratio with time in water and sediments assuming simultaneous pulse inputs followed by a range of combinations of loss processes from solution
URL: http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/22278/1/1302.pdf
