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タグ「Genotoxicity」

The Allium cepa chromosome aberration test reliably measures genotoxicity of soils of inhabited areas in the Ukraine contaminated by the Chernobyl accident

ecology・environment , genetics / gene mutation

Title: The Allium cepa chromosome aberration test reliably measures genotoxicity of soils of inhabited areas in the Ukraine contaminated by the Chernobyl accident

Author: Olga Kovalchuk, Igor Kovalchuk, Andrey Arkhipov, Polina Telyuk, Barbara Hohn, Larisa Kovalchuk

Reference: Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Volume 415, Issues 1–2, 8 July 1998, Pages 47-57

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00053-9

Keywords: Allium test; Genotoxicity; Cytotoxicity; Chernobyl; Radiation

Abstract: The accident on the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant reactor IV in April 1986 led to the release of an enormous amount of radioactive material into the biosphere and to the formation of a complex pattern of nuclear contamination over a large area. As a consequence more than 5 million km2 of the soil in the Ukraine became contaminated with more than 1 Ci/km21 and 2. An assessment of the genetic consequences of the nuclear pollution is one of the most important problems. We applied the Allium cepa test to estimate the impact on plant chromosomes of nuclear pollution in the inhabited zones of the Ukraine. We tested soil from the obligatory resettlement zone (zone 2), where the mean density of pollution is 15–40 Ci/km2; zones of enhanced radiological control-zone 3, 5–15 Ci/km2 and zone 4, 1–5 Ci/km2. We found a dose-dependent increase in the fraction of aberrant mitoses from control values of 1.6±0.9% up to 23.8±5.0%, and a corresponding monotonous decrease of the mitotic index from 49.4±4.8% to a limiting value of 22.5±4.0% at pollution levels exceeding 35 Ci/km2 (activity of the soil samples exceeding 6000 Bq/kg, respectively). We observed a strong, significant correlation of activity of soil samples with the percentage of chromosomal abnormalities, r=0.97 (P<0.05), and with the mitotic index, r=−0.93 (P<0.05), in the roots of A. cepa, respectively. The results showed high toxicity and genotoxicity of radioactively polluted soils and confirmed the efficiency of the A. cepa test as a quick and inexpensive biological test for ecological and genetic risk assessment in the `Chernobyl’ zones.

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383571898000539

Higher Plant Assays for the Detection of Genotoxicity in Air Polluted Environments.

ecology・environment

Title: Higher Plant Assays for the Detection of Genotoxicity in Air Polluted Environments.

Author: William F. Grant

Reference: Ecosystem Health, Volume 4, Issue 4, pages 210–229, December 1998

DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1998.98097.x

Keywords:Genotoxicity,Air pollution

Abstract: Since the beginning of time pollution has been created by human activities. However, the intensity and the severity of the different kinds of pollution have emerged only in the last few decades and many intricate facets have been revealed. It is gradually being recognized that our health and the ecosystem are being severely affected by environmental chemicals that enter the atmosphere. Plants comprise a large portion of our biosphere and constitute a vital link in the food chain. In this review, types of mutagenic chemicals found both indoor and outdoor are given and several higher plant bioassays for screening and monitoring environmental mutagens are discussed. One plant ideal for monitoring and testing for air pollution is Tradescantia. This species has been used to test for mutagenicity of radioisotope-contaminated air following the Chernobyl nuclear accident and monitoring around nuclear power plants. One of the greatest contributions of plant bioassays will be their continued use for ambient air monitoring and testing for genotoxicity which can be carried out on a global scale.

URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1526-0992.1998.98097.x/abstract

 

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