タグ「Europe」
Title: 90Sr, 238U, 234U, 137Cs, 40K and 239/240Pu in Emmental type cheese produced in different regions of Western Europe
Author: P. Froidevaux, , J.-J. Geering, L. Pillonel, J.-O. Bosset, J.-F. Valley
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 72, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 287–298
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00179-6
Keywords: Strontium-90; Cheese; Uranium isotopes; Milk-to-cheese transfer; Food authenticity
Abstract: A method is presented for the determination of 90Sr and uranium in Emmental type cheese collected in dairy plants from different European countries. Results display a significant correlation (r=0.708, Student t-test=6.02) between the 90Sr content of the cheese and the altitude of grazing. The highest 90Sr activity is 1.13 Bq kg−1 of cheese and the lowest is 0.29 Bq kg−1. Uranium activity is very low with a highest 238U value of 27 mBq kg−1. In addition, 234U/238U ratio shows a large enrichment in 234U for every location. Without any significant indication of the geographic origin of the cheese, this enrichment is believed to be due to the geological features of the pasture, soil and underground water. These results tend to prove that the contamination of milk by uranium originates principally from the water that the cows drink instead of the forage. This finding may have a great importance in models dealing with dairy food contamination by radionuclides following a nuclear accident. Also, the 90Sr content and to a lesser extent the 234U/238U ratio could be used to trace the authenticity of the origin of the cheese. 137Cs activity is lower than the detection limit of 0.1 Bq kg−1 in all the samples collected (n=20). Based on natural 40K activity in cheese (15–21 Bq kg−1), the decontamination factor for the alkaline cations from milk to cheese is about 20. Plutonium activity stays below the detection limit of 0.3 mBq kg−1.
ＵＲＬ：http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X03001796
Title: Current radioactivity content of wild edible mushrooms: A candidate for an environmental reference material
Author: Zs. Szántó, M. Hult, U. Wätjen, T. Altzitzoglou
Reference: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry July 2007, Volume 273, Issue 1, pp 167-170
DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-0730-z
Keywords: wild mushroom, Europe
Abstract: The paper presents the results of radiological investigation of several mushroom samples collected in the fall of 2004 in different parts of Europe. The work was performed in order to support decision making to develop and produce a certified reference material for quality assurance of radionuclide measurements in environmental samples. The levels of 137Cs in mushrooms varied widely ranging from 0.6 to 4300 Bq/kg on dry mass basis, while those of natural 40K were relatively constant. In one sample 60Co of unknown origin was detected (25±2 Bq/kg dry mass), while 90Sr concentrations were usually below the detection limit (<150 mBq/kg dry mass).
URL:http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10967-007-0730-z
Title: Long-term 137Cs contamination of mushrooms following the Chernobyl fallout
Author: D. Mascanzoni
Reference: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry July 2001, Volume 249, Issue 1, pp 245-249
DOI: 10.1023/A:1013263114576
Keywords: 137Cs, contamination, mushrooms, Europe, Sweden
Abstract: In the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident high concentrations of 137 Cs were found in mushrooms in several European countries and in Sweden. Two edible mushrooms species were selected for a long-term investigation in order to evaluate the 137Cs contamination over a long time. Samples of Suillus variegatus and Cantharellus spp. were collected from 1986to 1998 and their 137 Cs contents assessed. The results show that the activity of 137Cs remained more or less constant in Suillus variegatus, while it increased in Cantharellus spp. This reflects the forest ecosystem of the mushrooms, where nutrient-poor substrates, rich in organic substance and with high pH maintain 137Cs available for uptake. A decay-correction of the time distribution shows that radioactive decay appears to be the main factor affecting the content of 137Cs in mushrooms, at least in the medium term.
ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1013263114576
Title: Atlas of cesium contamination of Europe after the Chernobyl accident
Reference: Luxembourg Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1998
Keywords: atlas, Europe, contamination
Abstract: The European committee and ministries of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, which are responsible for the elimination of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, conducted a joint program to study the effects of the accident. The program was carried out during the 1992-1995 years, as part of a formal agreement between the European committee and the relevant Ministries of the three countries. One of the projects was devoted to the preparation of the Atlas fallout on the entire territory of Europe radioactive products emitted by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
URL: http://pripyat-city.ru/books/56-atlas-zagryazneniya-evropy-ceziem.html
Title: The chernobyl accident: Modelling of dispersion over europe of the radioactive plume and comparison with air activity measurements
Author: Armand Albergel, Daniel Martin, Bernard Strauss, Jean-Michel Gros
Reference: Atmospheric Environment (1967), Volume 22, Issue 11, 1988, Pages 2431-2444
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90475-1
Keywords: Long-range; modelling; radioisotopes; caesium; Chernobyl; nuclear; accident; trajectories; dispersion
Abstract: Following the release of radionuclides from the Chernobyl power plant accident, a long-range transport and deposition model is used to describe the plume dispersion over Europe. The aim of this study is the validation of a fast Lagrangjan model and a better understanding of the relative impact of some mechanisms, such as the initial plume rise. Comparisons between results and 137Cs measurement activity are discussed according to spatial and temporal variations. It is shown that many measurements can be explained only if the initial plume rise taken at 925, 850 and 700mb is considered.
URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004698188904751
Title: Seasonal 7Be and 137Cs activities in surface air before and after the Chernobyl event
Author: A. Kulan
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 90, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 140-150
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.06.010
Keywords: 7Be; 137Cs; Atmosphere; Aerosols; Chernobyl fallout; Nuclear weapons fallout; Sweden; Europe
Abstract: Seasonal fluctuations of cosmogenic 7Be (T1/2 = 53.4 days) and anthropogenic 137Cs (T1/2 = 30 years) activities in surface air (aerosols) have been extracted from a long data record (1972–2000) at high latitude (56°N–68°N, Sweden). Normalization to weekly average values was used to control long-term trends so that cyclical trends could be investigated. Enhanced 7Be activity was observed in spring and summer seasons and likely relates to the seasonal thinning of the tropopause. Variations in the 137Cs activity record seem to reflect how the isotope was injected in the atmosphere (stratospheric from bomb tests and tropospheric from the Chernobyl accident) and subsequent transport mechanisms. Accordingly, until 1986, the surface air 137Cs activity was strongly related to nuclear weapons test fallout and exhibits temporal fluctuations resembling the 7Be. Conversely, since 1986 the Chernobyl-produced 137Cs dominates the long-term record that shows annual cycles that are strongly controlled by atmospheric boundary layer conditions. Additionally, short-term data within the post-Chernobyl period suggest subtle intrusion of air masses rich in 137Cs that may occur throughout the year, and differences resulting from spatial occurrence at these latitudes. This is an important observation that may have to do with year-to-year variation and calls for caution when interpreting short-term data records.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X06001032
Title: Seasonal 7 Be and 137 Cs activities in surface air before and after the Chernobyl event
Author: Kulan, A.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 90 (2), p.140-150, Jan 2006
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.06.010
Keywords: 7Be; 137Cs; Atmosphere; Aerosols; Chernobyl fallout; Nuclear weapons fallout; Sweden; Europe
Abstract: Seasonal fluctuations of cosmogenic 7Be (T1/2 = 53.4 days) and anthropogenic 137Cs (T1/2 = 30 years) activities in surface air (aerosols) have been extracted from a long data record (1972–2000) at high latitude (56°N–68°N, Sweden). Normalization to weekly average values was used to control long-term trends so that cyclical trends could be investigated. Enhanced 7Be activity was observed in spring and summer seasons and likely relates to the seasonal thinning of the tropopause. Variations in the 137Cs activity record seem to reflect how the isotope was injected in the atmosphere (stratospheric from bomb tests and tropospheric from the Chernobyl accident) and subsequent transport mechanisms. Accordingly, until 1986, the surface air 137Cs activity was strongly related to nuclear weapons test fallout and exhibits temporal fluctuations resembling the 7Be. Conversely, since 1986 the Chernobyl-produced 137Cs dominates the long-term record that shows annual cycles that are strongly controlled by atmospheric boundary layer conditions. Additionally, short-term data within the post-Chernobyl period suggest subtle intrusion of air masses rich in 137Cs that may occur throughout the year, and differences resulting from spatial occurrence at these latitudes. This is an important observation that may have to do with year-to-year variation and calls for caution when interpreting short-term data records.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X06001032
