カテゴリー「ecology・environment」
Title: Short and long term dispersion patterns of radionuclides in the atmosphere around the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant
Author: Leelossy, A.; Me´sza´ros, R.; Lagzi, I.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Dec. 2011, vol.102, no.12, pp. 1117-21
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.07.010
Keywords: air pollution ; atmospheric movements ; fission reactor accidents ; Gaussian processes ; radioactive pollution ; statistical analysis ; toxicology
Abstract: The Chernobyl accident and unfortunately the recent accident at the Fukushima 1 Nuclear Power Plant are the most serious accidents in the history of the nuclear technology and industry. Both of them have a huge and prolonged impact on environment as well as human health. Therefore, any technological developments and strategies that could diminish the consequences of such unfortunate events are undisputedly the most important issues of research. Numerical simulations of dispersion of radionuclides in the atmosphere after an accidental release can provide with a reliable prediction of the path of the plume. In this study we present a short (one month) and a long (11 years) term statistical study for the Fukushima 1 Nuclear Power Plant to estimate the most probable dispersion directions and plume structures of radionuclides on local scale using a Gaussian dispersion model. We analyzed the differences in plume directions and structures in case of typical weather/circulation pattern and provided a statistical-climatological method for a “first-guess” approximation of the dispersion of toxic substances. The results and the described method can support and used by decision makers in such important cases like the Fukushima accident.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21856053
Title: 10. Chernobyl’s Radioactive Impact on Fauna.
Author: Yablokov, Alexey V.
Reference: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Nov2009, Vol. 1181 Issue 1, p255-280. 26p. 1
doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04833.x
Keywords: GENETIC disorders, ANIMAL species, ANIMALS — Abnormalities, ANIMAL migration, LIFE expectancy, ANIMALS — Mortality
Abstract: The radioactive shock when the Chernobyl reactor exploded in 1986 combined with chronic low-dose contamination has resulted in morphologic, physiologic, and genetic disorders in every animal species that has been studied—mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. These populations exhibit a wide variety of morphological deformities not found in other populations. Despite reports of a “healthy” environment in proximity to Chernobyl for rare species of birds and mammals, the presence of such wildlife is likely the result of immigration and not from locally sustained populations. Twenty-three years after the catastrophe levels of incorporated radionuclides remain dangerously high for mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish in some areas of Europe. Mutation rates in animal populations in contaminated territories are significantly higher and there is transgenerational genomic instability in animal populations, manifested in adverse cellular and systemic effects. Long-term observations of both wild and experimental animal populations in the heavily contaminated areas show significant increases in morbidity and mortality that bear a striking resemblance to changes in the health of humans—increased occurrence of tumor and immunodeficiencies, decreased life expectancy, early aging, changes in blood and the circulatory system, malformations, and other factors that compromise health.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002052
Title: Radiocarbon of dissolved humic substances in river waters from the Chernobyl area
Author: Nagao, S.; Aramaki, T.; Fujitake, N.; Matsunaga, T.; Tkachenko, Y.
Reference: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section B (Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms), Aug. 2004, vol.223-224, pp. 848-53
doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.156
Keywords: Radiocarbon; Humic substances; River water; Chernobyl; Carbon isotopes; AMS
Abstract: Radiocarbon (14C) was used to study the origin and transport of aquatic humic substances in river waters at the Chernobyl area, which received a pulse input of 14C as a consequence of the nuclear accident. Water samples were collected in April 1999 from the Pripyat and Sakhan Rivers, which flow through the radioactive contaminated area (30 km exclusion zone). The Δ14C values of humic and fulvic acids ranged from −68‰ to +75‰ and were ∼400‰ lower than those of non-contaminated environments. The aquatic humic substances may be derived mainly from those of bog, peat, and podzolic soil with older 14C age, and thereby reflect a larger proportion of older groundwater humic substances. Contribution of 14C by the Chernobyl accident appears to be small because of the long residence time of organic carbon at the surface soil.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X04006810
Title: The Case of Nuclear Energy in Turkey: From Chernobyl to Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant.
Author: AKCAY, B.
Reference: Energy Sources Part B: Economics, Planning & Policy. Oct2009, Vol. 4 Issue 4, p347-355. 9p. 4
doi: 10.1080/15567240701621182
Keywords: Akkuyu,Chernobyl, nuclear energy, power plant, Turkey
Abstract: There is no question that Turkey has an urgent need for additional sources of electricity. It is presently obliged to import electric power from neighboring Georgia, Bulgaria, and Iran to make up for the electricity shortage. Natural gas, hydro, and coal-powered generators play an important role in achieving this goal. In addition, the Turkish government has planned a provision for nuclear power plants. The goal of this article is to enter into a debate over nuclear energy in Turkey concerning economics, safety, and the environment from two opposite points of view, which are the Turkish government and the environmental organizations.
URL:http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/external?sid=adf6e2d5-37f9-400c-85ee-097673aa7d31%40sessionmgr13&vid=7&hid=25
Title: The effects of environmental low-dose irradiation on tolerance to chemotherapeutic agents.
Author: Howell, Eric K.; Gaschak, Sergey P.; Griffith, Kenneth D. W.; Rodgers, Brenda E.
Reference: Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. Mar2011, Vol. 30 Issue 3, p640-649. 10p.
doi: 10.1002/etc.423.
Keywords: Chernobyl; Chemotherapy; Low-dose radiation; Radio-adaptation; Apodemus flavicollis
Abstract: The nuclear disaster at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in April of 1986 continues to impact the environment on many different levels. Studies of epidemiological, environmental, and genetic impacts have been prolific since the accident, revealing interesting results concerning the effects of radiation. The long-tailed field mouse, Apodemus flavicollis, was collected from distinct localities near the Chernobyl site and evaluated based on in vivo responses to the current clinically employed chemotherapeutic agents bleomycin (BLM) and vinblastine (VBL), as well as the immune modulator lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Maximum tolerable doses of three different cancer drugs were administered to the rodents from three different lifestyles: native mice living and reproducing in a radioactive environment, native mice living and reproducing in an uncontaminated region, and laboratory-reared mice ( Mus musculus BALB/c) with a known sensitivity to the chemical agents tested.
URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.423/abstract
Title: The post-Chernobyl environmental situation
Author: Frederick Warner, (Visiting Professor, Biological and Chemical Sciences Department, JTB, University of Essex, Colchester, UK), L.J. Appleby, (Senior Research Officer, Biological and Chemical Sciences Department, JTB, University of Essex, Colchester, UK)
Reference: MCB UP Ltd, 1996
doi:10.1108/09566169610112926 (Permanent URL)
Keywords: Ecology, Environment, Radiation, USSR
Abstract: The most significant sources and environmental pathways of anthropogenic radionuclides have recently been examined by the RADPATH (Biochemical Pathways of Artificial Radionuclides) project, which was initiated under the auspices of the SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment) unit. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, with its associated radionuclide release, has provided an unexpected data source concerning movement of materials within various environmental compartments. Outlines some of the findings of the SCOPE-RADPATH project, a particular focus of which was the Chernobyl accident, with reference to the atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic and urban environments.
URL: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=871185
Title: Aerosol migration near chernobyl: long-term data and modeling
Author: Hatano, Y. / Hatano, N. / Amano, H. / Ueno, T. / Sukhoruchkin, A.K. / Kazakov, S.V.
Reference: Atmospheric Environment, 32 (14-15), p.2587-2594, Aug 1998
doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00511-6
Keywords:Air pollution; Chernobyl; aerosol migration; fractal; resuspension
Abstract: Airborne particles from a polluted area can pose a long-term health hazard to residents nearby. However, the long-term prediction of aerosol migration has never been successful. We show in the present paper that a recently proposed model (Hatano and Hatano, 1997, Atmospheric Environment31, 2297–2303) successfully reproduces data of the aerosol concentration measured near Chernobyl over a decade. The time dependence of the resuspension factor is also reproduced very well. In fitting our theoretical formula to the data, we obtain values of the fitting parameters that provide important information on the emission quantity and removal processes of nuclides from the accident. We show that 2200 days of measurement after the accident should be enough to predict the concentration in the air 10 years later.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231097005116
Title: Determination of 240Pu/239Pu, 241Pu/239Pu and 242Pu/239Pu isotope ratios in environmental reference materials and samples from Chernobyl by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and filament carburization
Author: Jakopič, Rožle / Richter, Stephan / Kühn, Heinz / Aregbe, Yetunde
Reference: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 25 (6), p.815, Jan 2010
doi: 10.1039/b925918j
Keywords:Environmental analysis, Isotope analysis, Quantitative organic analyses, Pu.
Abstract: In various areas such as e.g. nuclear safeguards, environmental monitoring, nuclear forensics, precise, sensitive and accurate plutonium analysis are needed. Plutonium isotope ratios are used as “fingerprints” in revealing different sources of plutonium contamination in the environment. In this study, 240Pu/239Pu, 241Pu/239Pu and 242Pu/239Pu isotope ratios were determined in four different reference materials and samples from Chernobyl using Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) in combination with multiple ion counting (MIC) and filament carburization. After the samples were leached with 8M HNO3, plutonium was co-precipitated on CaC2O4 and separated from interfering radionuclides and matrix elements by anion exchange and extraction chromatography (TEVA Spec).
URL: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/JA/b925918j
Title: Measurement of 129I concentrations in the environment after the Chernobyl reactor accident
Author: Paul, M. / Fink), D. / Hollos, G. / Kaufman, A. / Kutschera, W. / Magaritz, M.
Reference: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 29 (1-2), p.341-345, Nov 1987
doi: 10.1016/0168-583X(87)90262-X
Keywords:
Abstract: The Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident which occurred on April 26, 1986 is known to have injected into the atmosphere a pulse of a large number of radionuclides. The activities of several radionuclides present in the subsequent fallout have been measured in different locations throughout Europe by gamma-ray and beta counting. We present here measurements of concentrations of the long-lived radionuclide 129I () in environmental samples collected in Israel and Europe following the nuclear reactor accident. The measurements were performed by accelerator mass spectrometry, using the 14UD Rehovot Pelletron Accelerator.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0168583X8790262X
Title: A one-dimensional dispersion model for radionuclides in the marine environment applied to the chernobyl fallout over the Northern Baltic Sea
Author: Ribbe, J. / Müller-Navarra, S.H. / Nies, H.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 14 (1), p.55-72, Jan 1991
doi: 10.1016/0265-931X(91)90015-8
Keywords:
Abstract: The Baltic Sea was the marine ecosystem most affected by Chernobyl fallout. The occurrence of ‘hot spots’ at the water surface was characteristic of the contamination. A one-dimensional vertical dispersion model has been used to explain the distribution of the radionuclides, cesium-137 and cesium-134, in the water column of the central Bothnian Sea for the first six months after the contamination event. In addition to physical dispersion processes, specific chemical characteristics of the radionuclides were taken into account. The simulation shows that, in the six-month period, 5% of the cesium-137 and cesium-134 was trapped in the sediment, while 50% of the plutonium-239/240 activity was deposited. The activity concentration of plutonium in the water column was, however, close to the limit of detection.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0265931X91900158
