カテゴリー「ecology・environment」
Title: Integrating environment protection, a new challenge: strategy of the International Union of Radioecology
Author: Brechignac, F.; Alexakhin, R.; Godoy, J.M.; Oughton, D.; Sheppard, S.; Strand, P.
Reference: Radioprotection, July-Sept. 2008, vol.43, no.3, pp. 339-56
doi: dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro:2008026
Keywords: Radioecology; radiation protection; radioactivity; environment
Abstract: Born in the fifties together with the emergence of the nuclear technologies, radioecology is a scientific discipline that primarily addresses environmental issues relevant to radioprotection. With a current membership of nearly 600 worldwide, the International Union of Radioecology was founded in the seventies as a non-governmental knowing society dedicated to the development and the promotion of this discipline. The scientific directions taken in Radioecology have been drastically influenced in the past by the Chernobyl accident, which forced a focus on environmental transfers through the environment to feed human radioprotection needs. Currently, a profound evolution is underway towards more ecological effects research and studies, under the driving pressure of the raise of society’s concern on environmental issues and the concomitant re-boost of nuclear industry to face global warming and the future energetic demands. The IUR plays a central role within this evolution which is described here in more details along a description of its four major tools of action: dedicated task groups; workshops, seminars and conferences; training courses; web site tool for information and communication. Finally, together with the recent election of a new Board of Council to manage the Union, the main lines of the new strategic plan for the coming years are given.
URL:http://www.radioprotection.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8804622&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0033845108000264
Title: 240Pu/239Pu mass ratio in environmental samples in Finland
Author: Salminen-Paatero, S.; Nygren, U.; Paatero, J.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. Nov2012, Vol. 113, p163-170. 8p.
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.06.005
Keywords: Plutonium; Chernobyl; ICP-MS; Extraction chromatography; Finland
Abstract: ► We determined 240Pu/239Pu mass ratio from environmental samples in Finland. ► The samples were peats, lichens, air filters, grass and hot particles. ► Samples were analyzed with extraction chromatography followed by ICP-MS. ► 240Pu/239Pu ratio agreed with previously determined 238Pu/239+240Pu activity ratio. ► The samples were contaminated by global fallout and/or the Chernobyl accident.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X12001580
Title: Radionuclide migration in the experimental polygon of the Red Forest waste site in the Chernobyl zone – Part 1: Characterization of the waste trench, fuel particle transformation processes in soils, biogenic fluxes and effects on biota
Author: Kashparov, V.; Yoschenko, V.; Levchuk, S.; Bugai, D.; Van Meir, N.; Simonucci, C.; Martin-Garin, A.
Reference: Applied Geochemistry. Jul2012, Vol. 27 Issue 7, p1348-1358. 11p.
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.004
Keywords: RADIOISOTOPES; TRENCHES; RADIOACTIVE waste disposal; NUCLEAR power plants; ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis; LEACHING; RADIOACTIVE wastes; CHORNOBYL (Ukraine); UKRAINE; Nuclear Electric Power Generation; Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
Abstract: ► We describe radionuclide distribution and inventories in the shallow waste dump. ► Radionuclides in the waste dump are associated with fuel particles of three types. ► For each fuel particle type the dissolution parameters have been obtained. ► Biogenic migration fluxes of radionuclides from the waste dump have been determined. ► The effects of radiation on Scots pine in the waste dump territory have been characterized.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292711004495
Title: On protecting the inexperienced reader from Chernobyl myths
Author: Balonov, M.I.
Reference: Journal of Radiological Protection, June 2012, vol.32, no.2, pp. 181-9
doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/32/2/181
Keywords: dosimetry; health and safety; nuclear power stations; radiation monitoring; radiation protection; panic reaction; radiation-induced health effects; Belarusian scientists; Russian scientists; dosimetry; radiation level analysis; Japan; Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant; decision makers; Chernobyl accident myths; inexperienced reader; radiation protection
Abstract: The health and environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident continue to attract the attention of experts, decision-makers and the general public, and now these consequences have been given added relevance by the similar accident in 2011 at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant (NPP) in Japan. Expert analysis of radiation levels and effects has been conducted by international bodies—UNSCEAR in 2008 and the Chernobyl Forum during 2003–5.
URL: http://iopscience.iop.org/0952-4746/32/2/181
Title: New developments to support decision-making in contaminated inhabited areas following incidents involving a release of radioactivity to the environment
Author: Andersson, K.G.; Brown, J.; Mortimer, K.; Jones, J.A.; Charnock, T.; Thykier-Nielsen, S.; Kaiser, J.C.; Proehl, G.; Nielsen, S.P.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. Mar2008, Vol. 99 Issue 3, p439-454. 16p.
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.08.013
Keywords: Inhabited area; Contamination; Decision support; Dose model; Dispersion; Countermeasure; Nuclear accident; Optimisation; Decision-maker; Recovery
Abstract: The Chernobyl accident demonstrated that releases from nuclear installations can lead to significant contamination of large inhabited areas. A new generic European decision support handbook has been produced on the basis of lessons learned on the management of contaminated inhabited areas. The handbook comprises detailed descriptions of 59 countermeasures in a standardised datasheet format, which facilitates a comparison of features. It also contains guidance in the form of decision flowcharts, tables, check lists and text to support identification of optimised solutions for managing the recovery of inhabited areas within a framework consistent with ICRP recommendations. A new comprehensive inhabited-area dose model is also being developed for implementation in the ARGOS and RODOS decision support systems. Shortcomings of previous models are demonstrated. Decision support modelling in relation to malicious dispersion of radioactive matter in inhabited areas is also discussed. Here, the implications of, e.g., particle sizes and dispersion altitude are highlighted.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292712001151#
Title: Iodine-129, Iodine-127 and Caesium-137 in the environment: soils from Germany and Chile
Author: Daraoui, A.; Michel, R.; Gorny, M.; Jakob, D.; Sachse, R.; Synal, H.-A.; Alfimov, V.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. Oct2012, Vol. 112, p8-22. 15p.
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.02.011
Keywords: Iodine-129; Iodine-127; Caesium-137; Soil; IAEA-soil-375; Accelerator mass spectrometry
Abstract: ► I-129 from European reprocessing plants drastically changed its natural abundances. ► We report here inventories of the Cs-137 and I-129 in Bavaria and Chile. ► The dominant sources of I-129 in Bavaria are the European reprocessing plants. ► The dominant sources of I-129 in Chile are the atmospheric nuclear test. ► I-129 and I-127 demonstrates the complex migration in the soil profiles.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X1200063X
Title: Belarus and Chernobyl: Separating Seeds from Chaff
Author: Ioffe, Grigory
Reference: Post-Soviet Affairs, October-December 2007, v. 23, iss. 4, pp. 353-66
doi: 10.2747/1060-586X.23.4.353
Keywords: Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Political Economy; Property Rights ; Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Natural Resources; Energy; Environment ; Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training: Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
Abstract: Seventy percent of radionuclides discharged during the Chernobyl disaster were deposited in Belarus. Besides causing radioactive contamination, Chernobyl exposed some of the socio-cultural characteristics, such as mass dependency on strong patronage of the state, that buttress the political institutions of that country. On the basis of a literature review, a specialist on Belarus aims at separating proven health effects of Chernobyl from psychological and socio-political consequences of the disaster.
URL:http://bellwether.metapress.com/content/t79268m17k5l245r/?p=6c7d814a54a744d398b78abb8ed52fe5&pi=3
Title: Modelling remediation options for urban contamination situations.
Author: Thiessen, K.M.; Andersson, K.G.; Charnock, T.W.; Gallay, F.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. Jul2009, Vol. 100 Issue 7, p564-573. 10p.
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.03.021
Keywords: Urban contamination; Radioactivity; Modelling; Countermeasures; Remediation; Decontamination; Dose reduction
Abstract: The impact on a population from an event resulting in dispersal and deposition of radionuclides in an urban area could be significant, in terms of both the number of people affected and the economic costs of recovery. The use of computer models for assessment of urban contamination situations and remedial options enables the evaluation of a variety of situations or alternative recovery strategies in contexts of preparedness or decision-making. At present a number of models and modelling approaches are available for different purposes. This paper summarizes the available modelling approaches, approaches for modelling countermeasure effectiveness, and current sources of information on parameters related to countermeasure effectiveness. Countermeasure information must be applied with careful thought as to its applicability for the specific situation being modelled. Much of the current information base comes from the Chernobyl experience and would not be applicable for all types of situations.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X09000721
Title: Proteomics Analysis of Flax Grown in Chernohyl Area Suggests Limited Effect of Contaminated Environment on Seed Proteome.
Author: KLUBICOVÁ, KATARÍNA; DANCHENKO, MAKSYM; SKULTETY, LUDOVIT; MIERNYK, JÁN A.; RASHYDOV, NAMIK M.; BEREZHNA, VALENTYNA V.; PRET’OVÁ, ANNA; HAJDUCH, MARTIN.
Reference: Environmental Science & Technology. 9/15/2010, Vol. 44 Issue 18, p6940-6946. 7p.
doi: 10.1021/es100895s
Keywords:PLANT proteomics; EFFECT of radioactive pollution on plants; FLAX; PLANTS — Adaptation; CHERNOBYL Nuclear Accident, Chornobyl, Ukraine, 1986 — Environmental aspects; SEED pathology; ELECTROPHORESIS; TANDEM mass spectrometry; UKRAINE
Abstract: The accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) on April 26, 1986 is the most serious nuclear disaster in human history. Surprisingly, while the area proximal to the CNPP remains substantially contaminated with long-lived radioisotopes including 90Sr and 137Cs, the local ecosystem has been able to adapt. To evaluate plant adaptation, seeds of a local flax (Linum usitatissimum) variety Kyivskyi were sown in radio-contaminated and control fields of the Chernobyl region. A total protein fraction was isolated from mature seeds, and analyzed using 2-dimensional electrophoresis combined with tandem-mass spectrometry. Interestingly, growth of the plants in the radio-contaminated environment had little effect on proteome and only 35 protein spots differed in abundance (p-value of ≤0.05) out of 720 protein spots that were quantified for seeds harvested from both radio-contaminated and control fields. Of the 35 differentially abundant spots, 28 proteins were identified using state-of-the-art MSE method. Based on the observed changes, the proteome of seeds from plants grown in radio-contaminated soil display minor adjustments to multiple signaling pathways.
URL: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es100895s
Title: How long is long-term? reflections based on over 20 years of post-Chernobyl management in Norway
Author: Liland, Astrid; Lochard, Jacques; Skuterud, Lavrans.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. Jul2009, Vol. 100 Issue 7, p581-584. 4p.
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.04.006
Keywords: Chernobyl; Long term; Countermeasures; Rehabilitation; Involvement of affected groups
Abstract: The radiation protection community has only recently started the important work of preparedness for long-term post-accidental management of radioactively contaminated areas, like for instance the EC projects STRATEGY, FARMING and EURANOS and the French authorities’ CODIRPA and PAREX programmes. There are, however, different views concerning how long a long-term management might last. Based on the Norwegian and former Soviet Union experience after the Chernobyl accident, it is clear that a nuclear accident can entail decades of necessary management and rehabilitation of living conditions. The time period is dependent on a number of factors, e.g. amount of fallout, type of radionuclides, land use of contaminated area, number and density of people affected and available techniques and resources for implementing countermeasures. This paper discusses the management strategy implemented in Norway after the Chernobyl accident, the need for changing strategy over time and the important involvement of affected groups. Careful planning and reflections should be undertaken before actions are taken in the recovery phase, keeping in mind the possibility of decades with problems.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X09000770
