タグ「children」
Title: Clastogenic factors in the plasma of children exposed at Chernobyl
Author: Emerit, I / Quastel, M / Goldsmith, J / Merkin, L / Levy, A / Cernjavski, L / Alaoui-Youssefi, A / (…) / Riklis, E
Reference: Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 373 (1), p.47-54, Jan 1997
doi: 10.1016/S0027-5107(96)00187-X
Keywords: Chernobyl; Clastogenic factor
Abstract: Clastogenic factors (CFs), as they were described previously in accidentally or therapeutically irradiated persons, in A-bomb survivors and in liquidators of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, were also detected in the plasma of Chernobyl-exposed children. A high percentage of plasma ultrafiltrates from 170 children, immigrated to Israel in 1990, exerted clastogenic effects in test cultures set up with blood from healthy donors. The differences were highly significant in comparison to children immigrated from `clean’ cities of the former Soviet Union or children born in Israel. The percentage of CF-positive children and the mean values of the adjusted clastogenic scores (ACS) were higher for those coming from Gomel and Mozyr, which are high exposure sites (IAEA measurements), compared to those coming from Kiev. There was no correlation between residual 137-Caesium body burden and presence of CFs. However, both measurements were not done at the same time (in 1990 and 1992–1994, respectively). Also no relationship could be revealed between enlargement of the thyroid gland and CF-positivity. CFs are not only observed after irradiation, but in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases with autoimmune reactions. They were also described in the congenital breakage syndromes, which are hereditary diseases with the highest cancer incidence in humans. Whether the clastogenic effects continuously produced by circulating CFs represent a risk factor for malignant late effects deserves further study and follow-up. Since CF formation and CF action are mediated by superoxide radicals, prophylactic treatment with antioxidants may be suggested for Chernobyl-exposed children, whose plasma induces a strongly positive CF-test.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002751079600187X
Title: Cancer in children and adolescents in Europe: Developments over 20 years and future challenges
Author: Pritchard-Jones, K. / Kaatsch, P. / Steliarova-Foucher, E. / Stiller, C.A. / Coebergh, J.W.W.
Reference: European Journal of Cancer, 42 (13), p.2183-2190, Sep 2006
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.06.006
Keywords: Cancer; Child; Adolescent ; Europe; Registry; Data quality; Public health
Abstract: This special issue contains 18 articles describing population-based analyses of incidence and survival for cancer among children and adolescents in Europe over the period 1978–1997. The analyses were derived from the large database of the ACCIS project (Automated Childhood Cancer Information System), which was built through collaboration of 62 population-based cancer registries in 19 European countries. Data on 88,465 cancers in children and 15,369 in adolescents (age 15–19 yrs) were included in the various analyses, making this the largest database on cancer in these age-groups in the world. National data were grouped into five European regions to allow comparisons of incidence and survival, for all cancers and by tumour type, including analysis of trends in both over time. This overview paper focuses on the comparability of the data from multiple registries and describes the potential confounding factors. Age-standardised annual incidence rates of many, but not all, cancers in children and adolescents are clearly rising. There are geographical differences in survival for the majority of tumour types. Survival rates increased for nearly all types of cancer in children and adolescents. The implications of these findings for aetiological factors and treatment delivery for cancer in children and adolescents are discussed.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959804906004850
Title: Clinical Experiences with Radiation Induced Thyroid Cancer after Chernobyl
Author: Christoph Reiners
Reference: genes ISSN 2073-4425 1 [PDF-268K]May 2011
Keywords: Chernobyl; children; thyroid cancer; advanced stages; treatment; prognosis
Abstract:The risk of developing thyroid cancer increases considerably after exposure to external or internal radiation, especially in children below the age of 10. After the Chernobyl reactor accident, the yearly incidence of childhood thyroid cancer in Belarus increased to approximately 40 per 1.000.000 in girls and to roughly 20 per 1.000.000 in boys compared to approximately 0.5 cases per 1.000.000 prior to the accident. Typically, young children with thyroid cancer after radiation exposure present in ≈95% of the cases as papillary cancers, in ≈50% as invasive tumors growing outside the thyroid capsule, in ≈65% with lymph node metastases and in ≈15% with distant metastases. A joint Belarusian-German project starting in April 1993 that combined treatment with surgery and radioiodine was organized in 237 selected children from Belarus who were exposed to the Chernobyl fallout and had advanced stages of thyroid cancer. The study group included 141 girls and 96 boys. Their median age at the time of the accident was 1.7 years; whereas the median age at the time of diagnosis was 12.4 years. With the exception of two cases with follicular histology, the majority of the patients had been diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancers. In 63%, the tumor had grown outside the thyroid capsule and invaded the tissue of the neck (pT4). Nearly all of the selected cases (96%) showed-up with lymph node metastases (pN1) and 43% of the patients with distant metastases mainly to the lungs (pM1). In 58% of the children, complete remissions of thyroid cancer could be achieved until December 31st 2010 and in 34% of the children, stable partial remissions; in the remaining 8% of the patients, partial remissions were observed. The risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer increased considerably in children and adolescents who were affected by the Chernobyl reactor accident. In spite of the fact, that thyroid cancers in young children seem to behave more aggressively than in older patients, the results of combined treatment with thyroidectomy, radioiodine therapy and thyroid hormone replacement are excellent.
URL: http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/2/2/374/pdf
Title: U.S./Belarus/Ukraine joint research on the biomedical effects of the Chernobyl Reactor Accident. Final report
Author: Bruce Wachholz
Reference: Other Information: PBD: 20 Jun 2000
doi: 10.2172/760446
Keywords: children, cohort,cleanup workers
Abstract: The National Cancer Institute has negotiated with the governments of Belarus and Ukraine (Ministers/Ministries of Health, institutions and scientists) to develop scientific research protocols to study the effects of radioactive iodine released by the Chernobyl accident upon thyroid anatomy and function in defined cohorts of persons under the age of 19 years at the time of the accident. These studies include prospective long term medical follow-up of the cohort and the reconstruction of the radiation dose to each cohort subject’s thyroid. The protocol for the study in Belarus was signed by the US and Belorussian governments in May 1994 and the protocol for the study in Ukraine was signed by the US and Ukraine in May 1995. A second scientific research protocol also was negotiated with Ukraine to study the feasibility of a long term study to follow the development of leukemia and lymphoma among Ukrainian cleanup workers; this protocol was signed by the US and Ukraine in October 1996.
URL: http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=2&page=0&osti_id=760446
Title: FEATURES One decade after Chernobyl: The basis for decisions A major international conference sums up the scientific understanding of the Chernobyl accident’s major consequences …
Reference: [PDF-838K] Jul 2007
Keywords: children diagnosis
Abstract: A highly significant increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer among those persons in the affected areas who were children in 1986 is the only clear evidence to date of a public health impact of radiation exposure caused by the Chernobyl accident. (In 1991, the report on the International Chernobyl Project had stated that “it is expected that there will be a radiogenic excess of thyroid cancer cases in the decades to come. This risk relates to thyroid doses received in the first months after the accident…” *.) This increase in incidence has been observed in Belarus and to a lesser extent in Ukraine and in the Russian Federation. The number of reported cases up to the end of 1995 is about 800 in children under 15 years old at the time of diagnosis; more than 400 of these cases were in Belarus. In most cases the diagnoses have been confirmed by international experts. …
URL: http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull383/38304781423.pdf
Title: Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impacts – 2002 Update of Chernobyl: Ten Years On
Reference: NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT [PDF-993K] Jul 2008
Keywords: children
Abstract: Early in the development of the Chernobyl accident, it became obvious that the radioiodines were contributing significant thyroid doses (Il90), especially to children, and the then Soviet authorities made every effort not only to minimise doses, but also to record the thyroid doses as accurately as possible. The results of these measurements and dose reconstruction assessments indicated that some groups in the population received high doses to their thyroids, and that an increase in thyroid abnormalities, including cancer, was a very real possibility in the future. This was particularly true for children in the contaminated regions in Belarus, northern Ukraine and the Bryansk and Kaluga regions of the Russian Federation. These were not inconsequential thyroid doses and, as early as 1986, it was predicted by experts from the Soviet Union that the thyroid would be the target organ most likely to show evidence of radiation effects, especially an increased incidence of benign and malignant tumours.
URL: http://www.energie-fakten.de/pdf/chernobyl-nea-oecd-2005.pdf
Title: Cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes of healthy and thyroid tumor-affected children from the Gomel region (Belarus)
Author: Roberto, Barale / Gemignani, Federica / Morizzo, Carmela / Lori, Adriana / Rossi, Annamaria / Antonelli, Alessandro / Di Pretoro, Giancarlo / (…) / Ballardin, Michela,
Reference: Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 405 (1), p.89-95, Aug 1998
doi: 10.1016/S0027-5107(98)00118-3
Keywords: Chromosome aberration; Lymphocyte; Child; Thyroid tumor; Ionizing radiation; 137Cs; Chernobyl
Abstract: During 1994, 19 thyroid tumor-affected children and 17 healthy children from the Gomel region, one of the areas most polluted by the Chernobyl fallout, were analysed for (i) the presence of 137Cs in their urine and (ii) chromosome aberrations (CA) in circulating lymphocytes. They were compared with 35 healthy children from Pisa, Italy. Tumor-affected children showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher 137Cs levels in their urine as compared to healthy controls from the Gomel region. No radioactivity was found in urine from the Pisa controls. CA frequency was significantly higher in tumor-affected children compared to the Gomel controls, but was not significantly different between Gomel and Pisa controls. However, dicentric chromosomes were found in a significantly (p < 0.01) greater proportion in both affected and healthy Gomel children (3.4 and cells, respectively) as compared to the Pisa controls ( cells). Multiple regression analysis showed that the proportion of cells with acentric fragments, dicentric and ring chromosomes was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the amount of 137Cs excreted in their urine. These findings suggest that children from the Gomel region were still being exposed to radionuclides, which makes it possible to study a dose-effect relationship.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0027510798001183
Title: Risk of Radiation Exposure to Children and Their Mothers
Author: Petrova, A.
Reference: Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, Jan 2011
ISBN:9780444522726
Keywords: Children; Mothers; Radiation; Risk
Abstract: There is realistic concern about the impact of ionizing and nonionizing radiations on the health of children and their mothers. The magnitude and type of risks that are associated with radiation exposure to children and mothers must be determined to prevent the health consequences of such exposure. The developing organism is more sensitive to radiation and vulnerable to the development of radiation-induced pathology. Prenatal development, characterized by intensive cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell migration, is highly sensitive to radiation exposure. …Human epidemiological studies showed increased stillbirth trend, birth defects, thyroid cancer, and infant leukemia after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power accident in several European countries. …
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444522726002129
Title: Chapter 8 Mechanisms of radiation-induced carcinogenesis: The thyroid model
Author: Nikiforov, Yuri E. / Fagin, James A.
Reference: Advances in Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 2, p.169-196, Jan 1998
doi: 10.1016/S1569-2566(98)80016-1
Keywords: biological effects of radiation , papillary carcinoma, children
Abstract: Based on present information on the biological effects of radiation, the ultimate nature of the genetic events giving rise to the papillary carcinomas in the exposed children may have resulted either directly from DNA damage to oncogenic sequences (that is, ret/PTC), or may be due to downstream events taking place after the genome of the affected cell has been destabilized by as yet unexplained mechanisms. It is now clear that radiationinduced papillary carcinomas of Chernobyl have certain “signature” genetic features—namely a high prevalence of a particular form of ret/PTC rearrangement. This provides a definable end-point for future studies of radiation-induced DNA damage in thyroid cells, and may allow for the testing of more targeted hypothesis as to the natural history of these tumors. The exposure to the thyroid gland resulted from internal irradiation from absorbed shortlived radioiodines and, to a lesser extent, penetrating gamma radiation. Appearance of thyroid carcinomas was noted 10 years after the exposure, with seven papillary, one follicular, and seven occult thyroid cancers diagnosed among the 250 exposed individuals during 34 years of careful monitoring.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569256698800161
Title: La protection de la thyroïde de l’enfant et du fœtus en cas d’accident nucléaire
Author: Vernis, M / Hindie, E / Galle, P
Reference: Archives de Pédiatrie, 4 (5), p.473-479, May 1997
doi: 10.1016/S0929-693X(97)86679-1
Keywords: nuclear accident; thyroid cancer; child; iodide prophylaxis; iodine
Abstract: …The analysis of complications following the nuclear accidents of Marshall Islands in 1954 and Tchernobyl in 1986 has shown that newborn infants and young children have the highest risk, the main complications being cancer (papillary carcinoma) and hypothyroidism. In the most exposed areas of Bielorussia, the incidence of child thyroid cancer has been approximately multiplied by 100. On the other hand, studies of children from Utah who were contaminated after nuclear tests in the Nevada desert have shown that following mild iodine radioactive exposure, the risk is not significant. Among complications attributed to stable iodine, only those related to an oral intake over a limited period of time should be considered. On the basis of nuclear medicine experience and scientific literature, the risk can be considered as negligible in adults but not in children….
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929693X97866791
