タグ「Remediation」
Author: Goryachev I. V., Gnedenko V. G., Kuznetsov V. D.
Reference: Gazette “АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИКА И ЭКОЛОГИЯ“ (alternative energetics and ecology) , 2006
ISSN: 1608-8298
Keywords: remediation, decontamination, Kurcharov Institute
Abstract: A short article on remediation of radioactive waste. The author Goryachev and Gnedenko are members of the Kurcharov Institute, Russia’s leading research centre of nuclear energy. In the Soviet regime the institute was a centre for developing nuclear weapons. Most soviet nuclear reactors were built under the surveillance of the institute.
URL: http://isjaee.hydrogen.ru/pdf/5_2006gnedenko_rus.pdf (full article available)
Title: Rural areas affected by the Chernobyl accident: Radiation exposure and remediation strategies
Author: P. Jacob, S. Fesenko, I. Bogdevitch, V. Kashparov, N. Sanzharova, N. Grebenshikova, N. Isamov, N. Lazarev, A. Panov, A. Ulanovsky, Y. Zhuchenko, M. Zhurba
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 408, Issue 1, 15 December 2009, Pages 14-25
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.006
Keywords: Caesium; Chernobyl; Ionizing radiation; Rehabilitation; Remediation
Abstract: Main objectives of the present work were to develop an internationally agreed methodology for deriving optimized remediation strategies in rural areas that are still affected by the Chernobyl accident, and to give an overview of the radiological situation in the three affected countries, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Study settlements were defined by having in 2004 less than 10,000 inhabitants and official dose estimates exceeding 1 mSv. Data on population, current farming practices, contamination of soils and foodstuffs, and remedial actions previously applied were collected for each of such 541 study settlements. Calculations of the annual effective dose from internal radiation were validated with extensive data sets on whole body counter measurements. According to our calculations for 2004, in 290 of the study settlements the effective dose exceeded 1 mSv, and the collective dose in these settlements amounted to about 66 person-Sv. Six remedial actions were considered: radical improvement of grassland, application of ferrocyn to cows, feeding pigs with uncontaminated fodder before slaughter, application of mineral fertilizers for potato fields, information campaign on contaminated forest produce, and replacement of contaminated soil in populated areas by uncontaminated soil.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900850X
Title: Agricultural recovery of a formerly radioactive area: II. Systematic proteomic characterization of flax seed development in the remediated Chernobyl area
Author: Katarína Klubicová, Maksym Danchenko, Ludovit Skultety, Valentyna V. Berezhna, Andrea Hricová, Namik M. Rashydov, Martin Hajduch
Reference: Journal of Proteomics, Volume 74, Issue 8, 12 August 2011, Pages 1378-1384
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.029
Keywords: Linum usitatissimum L; Flax; Proteomics; Protein profiles; Remediation; Chernobyl; Radiation; Mass spectrometry
Abstract: Molecular characterization of crop plants grown in remediated, formerly radioactive, areas could establish a framework for future agricultural use of these areas. Recently, we have established a quantitative reference map for mature flax seed proteins (Linum usitatissimum L.) harvested from a remediated plot in Chernobyl town. Herein we describe results from our ongoing studies of this subject, and provide a proteomics-based characterization of developing flax seeds harvested from same field. A quantitative approach, based on 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and tandem mass spectrometry, yielded expression profiles for 379 2-DE spots through seed development. Despite the paucity of genomic resources for flax, the identity for 102 proteins was reliably determined. These proteins were sorted into 11 metabolic functional classes. Proteins of unknown function comprise the largest group, and displayed a pattern of decreased abundance throughout seed development. Analysis of the composite expression profiles for metabolic protein classes revealed specific expression patterns during seed development. For example, there was an overall decrease in abundance of the glycolytic enzymes during seed development.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874391911000856
Title: Fuel particles in the Chernobyl cooling pond: current state and prediction for remediation options
Author: A. Bulgakov, A. Konoplev, J. Smith, G. Laptev, O. Voitsekhovich
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 100, Issue 4, April 2009, Pages 329-332
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.12.012
Keywords: Chernobyl; Cooling pond; Fuel particles; 90Sr; Dissolution; Remediation
Abstract: During the coming years, a management and remediation strategy for the Chernobyl cooling pond (CP) will be implemented. Remediation options include a controlled reduction in surface water level of the cooling pond and stabilisation of exposed sediments. In terrestrial soils, fuel particles deposited during the Chernobyl accident have now almost completely disintegrated. However, in the CP sediments the majority of 90Sr activity is still in the form of fuel particles. Due to the low dissolved oxygen concentration and high pH, dissolution of fuel particles in the CP sediments is significantly slower than in soils. After the planned cessation of water pumping from the Pripyat River to the Pond, significant areas of sediments will be drained and exposed to the air. This will significantly enhance the dissolution rate and, correspondingly, the mobility and bioavailability of radionuclides will increase with time. The rate of acidification of exposed bottom sediments was predicted on the basis of acidification of similar soils after liming. Using empirical equations relating the fuel particle dissolution rate to soil and sediment pH allowed prediction of fuel particle dissolution and 90Sr mobilisation for different remediation scenarios. It is shown that in exposed sediments, fuel particles will be almost completely dissolved in 15–25 years, while in parts of the cooling pond which remain flooded, fuel particle dissolution will take about a century.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X08002324
Title: Remediation strategies for rural territories contaminated by the Chernobyl accident
Author: P. Jacob, S. Fesenko, S.K. Firsakova, I.A. Likhtarev, C. Schotola, R.M. Alexakhin, Y.M. Zhuchenko, L. Kovgan, N.I. Sanzharova, V. Ageyets
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 56, Issues 1–2, 2001, Pages 51-76
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(01)00047-9
Keywords: Chernobyl accident;137Cs; Remediation; Contamination; Dose
Abstract: The objective of the present paper is to derive remediation strategies for rural settlements contaminated by the Chernobyl accident in which annual doses to a critical group still exceed 1 mSv. Extensive radioecological data have been collected for 70 contaminated settlements. A dose model based on these data resulted in estimates that are on average close to and a bit less than the official dose estimates (‘catalogue doses’) published by the responsible Ministries of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. For eight remedial actions that can be applied on a large scale, effectiveness and costs have been assessed in light of their dependence on soil type, contamination level and on the degree of previous application of remedial actions. Remediation strategies were derived for each of the 70 settlements by choosing remedial actions with lowest costs per averted dose and with highest degree of acceptability among the farmers and local authorities until annual doses are assessed to fall below 1 mSv. The results were generalised to 11 contamination/internal-dose categories. The total numbers of rural inhabitants and privately owned cows in the three countries distributed over the categories were determined and predicted until the year 2015. Based on these data, costs and averted doses were derived for the whole affected population. The main results are (i) about 2000 Sv can be averted at relatively low costs, (ii) the emphasis on reducing external exposures should be increased, (iii) radical improvement of hay-land and meadows and application of Prussian blue to cows should be performed on a large scale if annual doses of 1 mSv are an aim to be achieved, (iv) additional remedial actions of importance are fertilising of potato fields, distribution of food monitors and restriction of mushroom consumption, and (v) for inhabitants of some settlements (in total about 8600) annual doses cannot be reduced below 1 mSv by the remedial actions considered.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X01000479
Title: Important factors governing exposure of the population and countermeasure application in rural settlements of the Russian Federation in the long term after the Chernobyl accident
Author: S Fesenko, P Jacob, R Alexakhin, N.I Sanzharova, A Panov, G Fesenko, L Cecille
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 56, Issues 1–2, 2001, Pages 77-98
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(01)00048-0
Keywords: Countermeasures; Chernobyl; Rural settlements; Remediation; Russia
Abstract: Rural settlements located in areas of the Russian Federation contaminated after the Chernobyl accident and exceeding an annual dose of 1 mSv a−1 have been classified according to 137Cs contamination density, internal dose and the neighbourhood of forests. It has been shown that, with the exception of the most contaminated areas, the internal doses decreased in accordance with a decline in 137Cs availability for plant root uptake. An inverse tendency was observed in areas with 137Cs contamination above 555 kBq m−2 which can be explained by a reduction or even termination of countermeasure application and by an increasing consumption of forest products in areas where restrictive countermeasures are still implemented. Twenty-seven settlements have been studied to estimate the effectiveness of countermeasures applied previously and to identify the most important factors governing the radiation exposure to the population and its change with time. It has been shown that the effectiveness of countermeasures which resulted in a decrease of up to 40% of doses has a tendency to decline in the long term.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X01000480
Title: Justification of remediation strategies in the long term after the Chernobyl accident
Author: S. Fesenko, P. Jacob, A. Ulanovsky, A. Chupov, I. Bogdevich, N. Sanzharova, V. Kashparov, A. Panov, Yu. Zhuchenka
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 119, May 2013, Pages 39-47
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.08.012
Keywords: Chernobyl accident; Caesium; Ionizing radiation; Radiation protection; Rehabilitation; Remediation
Abstract: Following the accident at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl a number of different remedial actions were developed and implemented in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Recommendations on the application of countermeasures and remedial actions were published by the IAEA as “Guidelines for agricultural countermeasures following an accidental release of radionuclides” in 1994. Since then, new information on the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment and effectiveness of countermeasures in the long term has been obtained and reviewed by many projects, including the Chernobyl Forum. Additionally, new approaches to derive remediation strategies were developed and successfully implemented in the most affected countries. This paper describes a justification of the remediation strategies suggested for rehabilitation of the areas most affected by the Chernobyl accident based on this experience.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X10001992
