タグ「Sweden」
Title: Long-term 137Cs contamination of mushrooms following the Chernobyl fallout
Author: D. Mascanzoni
Reference: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry July 2001, Volume 249, Issue 1, pp 245-249
DOI: 10.1023/A:1013263114576
Keywords: 137Cs, contamination, mushrooms, Europe, Sweden
Abstract: In the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident high concentrations of 137 Cs were found in mushrooms in several European countries and in Sweden. Two edible mushrooms species were selected for a long-term investigation in order to evaluate the 137Cs contamination over a long time. Samples of Suillus variegatus and Cantharellus spp. were collected from 1986to 1998 and their 137 Cs contents assessed. The results show that the activity of 137Cs remained more or less constant in Suillus variegatus, while it increased in Cantharellus spp. This reflects the forest ecosystem of the mushrooms, where nutrient-poor substrates, rich in organic substance and with high pH maintain 137Cs available for uptake. A decay-correction of the time distribution shows that radioactive decay appears to be the main factor affecting the content of 137Cs in mushrooms, at least in the medium term.
ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1013263114576
Title: Pregnancy outcome in Sweden after the Chernobyl accident
Author: Ericson A, Källén B.
Reference: Environ Res. 1994 Nov;67(2):149–159
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1994.1070
Keywords: pregnancy, Sweden
Abstract: To study pregnancy outcome including development of childhood cancer in areas within Sweden with the highest radioactive fallout after the Chernobyl accident in 1986.
URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001393518471070X
Title: Incidence of legal abortion in Sweden after the Chernobyl accident
Author: V Odlind, A Ericson
Reference: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 45, Issue 6, 1991, Pages 225-228
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0753-3322(91)90021-K
Keywords: Chernobyl, abortion
Abstract: The number of legal abortions in Sweden increased around the time of the Chernobyl accident, particularly in the summer and autumn of 1986. Although there was no recording of reasons for legal abortions, one might have suspected this increase to be a result of fear and anxiety after the accident. However, seen over a longer time perspective, the increase in the number of abortions started before and continued far beyond the time of the accident. There was also a simultaneous and pronounced increase in the number of births during the years subsequent to the accident. Therefore, it seems unlikely that fear of the consequences of radioactive fall-out after the Chernobyl accident resulted in any substantial increase of the number of legal abortions in Sweden.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/075333229190021K
Author: Douglas V. Almond; Lena Edlund; Marten Palme
Reference: New York, NY 10027: Department of Economics, Columbia University, 2007.
Keywords: Sweden, Japanese atomic bomb survivors, reduced IQ, Chernobyl, cognitive ability
Abstract: Japanese atomic bomb survivors irradiated 8-25 weeks after ovulation subsequently suffered reduced IQ [Otake and Schull, 1998]. Whether these findings generalize to low doses (less than 10 mGy) has not been established. This paper exploits the natural experiment generated by the Chernobyl nuclear accident in April 1986, which caused a spike in radiation levels in Sweden. In a comprehensive data set of 562,637 Swedes born 1983-1988, we find the cohort in utero during the Chernobyl accident had worse school outcomes than adjacent birth cohorts, and this deterioration was largest for those exposed approximately 8-25 weeks post conception. Moreover, we find larger damage among students born in regions that received more fallout: students from the eight most affected municipalities were 3.6 percentage points less likely to qualify to high school as a result of the fallout. Our findings suggest that fetal exposure to ionizing radiation damages cognitive ability at radiation levels previously considered safe. (full text available on web)
URL: http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:114443
Title: Radiocesium in muscle tissue of reindeer and pike from northern Sweden before and after the Chernobyl accident. A retrospective study on tissue samples from the Swedish Environmental Specimen Bank
Author: Sevald Forberg, Tjelvar Odsjö, Mats Olsson
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 115, Issue 3, 30 April 1992, Pages 179-189
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90328-P
Keywords: radiocesium; reindeer; pike; Chernobyl; environmental specimen bank
Abstract: After the Chernobyl accident in April 1986, considerable deposition of radionuclides occurred regionally in eastern, central and northwestern Sweden. Locally, the fallout of radiocesium exceeded the remainder from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests by several magnitudes. Since the end of the 1960s samples of organs from various plant and animal species, annually collected at different localities, have been preserved in the Swedish Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). In this work samples from the ESB have been used for retrospective studies of radioactive pollution. The activities of Cs-134 and Cs-137 in muscle tissues from reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, and pike, Esox lucius, preserved in the ESB, were measured. The samples were collected annually; the reindeer at three localities in northern Sweden and the pike at one of them. In material collected prior to the Chernobyl accident, the levels of Cs-137 were 57–180 Bq/kg in reindeer and 14–24 Bq/kg in pike, fresh weight basis. These levels relate to earlier nuclear bomb tests. A significant decrease was found in pike during the pre-Chernobyl period (1971–1986). In post-Chernobyl samples the burden of Cs-137 varied from amounts equal to the former levels in the northernmost locality and up to 80 times higher for the maximum values in the southernmost locality. The highest value recorded was 18 425 Bq/kg in reindeer. The geographic variations in reindeer from Chernobyl fallout were in accordance with the pattern of deposition estimated by aircraft surveys performed in May 1986. The ratio between ‘new’ and ‘old’ radiocesium burdens in pike, caught in 1987, approached the corresponding ratio for reindeer grazing in the precipitation area of the lake; 33 and 19, respectively.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004896979290328P
Title: Transfer of radiocaesium in sensitive agricultural environments after the Chernobyl fallout in Sweden: III. County of Västernorrland
Author: K. Rosén, E. Haak, Å. Eriksson
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 209, Issues 2–3, 19 January 1998, Pages 91-105
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)80100-9
Keywords: Radiocaesium; Radioiodine; Chernobyl; Nuclear fallout; Grass; Cereals
Abstract: In 1986 a large number of farms in the Chernobyl-affected area in the county of Västernorrland in northern Sweden were investigated for radiocaesium transfer to grass and cereal grain. The soil surface layer (0–5 cm) in 1986 and the crop products in 1986–1996 were analysed. The aim was to study the impact of soil and crop rotation on sensitivity of 137Cs transfer in a short and long term perspective. In the fallout year 1986 the transfer to grass was usually much higher than to cereal grain. In this year the transfer to grass was usually much higher in the first cut rather than the second cut. The reduction in transfer with year was large but variable with site and with crop sequence. Ploughing was effective in decreasing the transfer of 137Cs to crops. On arable sites in 1986 the transfer to cereal straw was larger at late stem elongation (LSE) than at the maturing stage. Unexpectedly, there was no clear relationship between transfer of 137Cs to the crops and any of the soil characteristics. In 1986 the transfer of 131I to grass and cereals was also investigated on some of the farms. The results are compared with the transfer of 137Cs, 2 months after the Chernobyl fallout.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969798801009
Title: Transfer of radiocaesium in sensitive agricultural environments after the Chernobyl fallout in Sweden. II. Marginal and seminatural areas in the county of Jämtland
Author: Klas Rosén
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 182, Issues 1–3, 5 April 1996, Pages 135-145
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)05059-0
Keywords: Radiocaesium; Grass; Fallout; Chernobyl; Contamination
Abstract: In 1986, two Chernobyl-affected areas in the county of Jämtland, a mountain area and a river valley area, were investigated as to radiocaesium behaviour and transfer to grass. The soil surface layer (0–10 cm) in 1986 and 1989 and grass samples in 1986–1994 were analysed on 9 temporary grassland sites and 8 permanent pasture sites, described individually. The aim of this investigation was to study the sensitivity of different soil types and the influence of normal farming practices, ploughing and K-fertilization on the caesium transfer, in short- and long-term perspectives after the Chernobyl fallout. As expected, the transfer of 137Cs to grass was usually higher on permanent pasture than on temporary grassland. For both types of grassland, however, there was a considerable but different change of transfer with years. The transfer to grass in the year of the fallout, 1986, depended to a large extent on the thickness and interception capacity of the grass sward. In the following years, it also depended on the caesium-fixing capacity to clay minerals, on K-fertilization and the reverse process of K removal by plant uptake. Ploughing down the contaminated surface layer and the mixing of caesium with mineral soil were effective in reducing the transfer. During the period 1986–1994, the transfer was reduced considerably, showing a range of (0.1–177.3 m2/kg d.w.) × 10−3. The calculated annual reduction halftime, Tar, increased with years after fallout. It is clearly shown that both countermeasures, ploughing and K-fertilization, are of potential value to decrease grass contamination. Where both measures were employed a reduction in the range of 78%–95% was recorded in the year after ploughing.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969795050590
Title: Transfer of radiocaesium in sensitive agricultural environments after the Chernobyl fallout in Sweden. I. County of Gävleborg
Author: Klas Rosén, Åke Eriksson, Enok Haak
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 182, Issues 1–3, 5 April 1996, Pages 117-133
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)05056-6
Keywords: Radiocaesium; Chernobyl; Nuclear fallout; Cereals; Grass
Abstract: In 1986, 15 farms in the Chernobyl-affected area of the county of Gävleborg were investigated for radiocaesium transfer to grass and cereal grain. The soil surface layer (0–5 cm) in 1986 and the crop products in 1986–1994 were analysed. The aim was to study the impact of site and soil characteristics on sensitivity of 137Cs transfer in a long-term perspective. The transfer was much higher to grass than to cereal grain. For both crop products, however, there was a considerable annual reduction. For grass, and especially in the fallout year 1986, the transfer depended on interception capacity of the stubble and grass sward, on soil fertility and K-fertilization as well as on dilution by crop growth. In the following years, the annual reduction in transfer to grass was reduced by a factor of 2 to 100. Both ploughing through the surface layer and the mixing of radiocaesium with soil contributed to a decreased transfer of radiocaesium to crops. Thick stubble and grass sward on the grassland sites was the main reason for a lag period of high persistent transfer. The annual reduction was less on organic than on mineral soils. Measures to decrease the transfer to crops are discussed in relation to a new concept to evaluate the long-term behaviour of 137Cs in agricultural environments
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969795050566
Title: Calculations of the deposition of 137Cs from nuclear bomb tests and from the Chernobyl accident over the province of Skåne in the southern part of Sweden based on precipitation
Author: Mats Isaksson, Bengt Erlandsson, Maj-Lena Linderson
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 49, Issue 1, May 2000, Pages 97-112
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(99)00101-0
Keywords: Deposition; Precipitation; Radiocalsium; ; Global fallout; Chernobyl fallout
Abstract: The deposition of over the province of Skåne (an area of about 100×100 km2) in the southern part of Sweden has been investigated. The origin of the deposition of is, in about equal parts, from nuclear weapons tests and from the Chernobyl nuclear accident and amounts to about 1–3 kBq/m2. The activity concentrations of and in soil samples from 16 sites distributed in a grid pattern over the investigated area have been measured and the depositions from the nuclear weapons tests and from the Chernobyl accident have been separated. These pre- and post-Chernobyl activities have been compared with depositions calculated from measurements of the activity concentrations of and in precipitation at two places and from measurements of the precipitation from a network of between 113 and 143 precipitation stations. Comparisons with in situ measurements and with aerial survey measurements have also been made. The agreement is good gain and it has been possible to gain a good and detailed knowledge in retrospect of the deposition from measurements of the deposition per mm of precipitation from just a few stations, and of the precipitation from a network of stations.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X99001010
Title: Seasonal 7Be and 137Cs activities in surface air before and after the Chernobyl event
Author: A. Kulan
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 90, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 140-150
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.06.010
Keywords: 7Be; 137Cs; Atmosphere; Aerosols; Chernobyl fallout; Nuclear weapons fallout; Sweden; Europe
Abstract: Seasonal fluctuations of cosmogenic 7Be (T1/2 = 53.4 days) and anthropogenic 137Cs (T1/2 = 30 years) activities in surface air (aerosols) have been extracted from a long data record (1972–2000) at high latitude (56°N–68°N, Sweden). Normalization to weekly average values was used to control long-term trends so that cyclical trends could be investigated. Enhanced 7Be activity was observed in spring and summer seasons and likely relates to the seasonal thinning of the tropopause. Variations in the 137Cs activity record seem to reflect how the isotope was injected in the atmosphere (stratospheric from bomb tests and tropospheric from the Chernobyl accident) and subsequent transport mechanisms. Accordingly, until 1986, the surface air 137Cs activity was strongly related to nuclear weapons test fallout and exhibits temporal fluctuations resembling the 7Be. Conversely, since 1986 the Chernobyl-produced 137Cs dominates the long-term record that shows annual cycles that are strongly controlled by atmospheric boundary layer conditions. Additionally, short-term data within the post-Chernobyl period suggest subtle intrusion of air masses rich in 137Cs that may occur throughout the year, and differences resulting from spatial occurrence at these latitudes. This is an important observation that may have to do with year-to-year variation and calls for caution when interpreting short-term data records.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X06001032
