カテゴリー「ecology・environment」
Author: Valentin Golosov
Reference: Soil and Tillage Research, Volume 69, Issues 1–2, February 2003, Pages 85-98
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00130-7
Keywords: Chernobyl; ; Soil redistribution; Erosion; Method
137Cs, Soil redistribution, Erosion
Abstract: Vast areas of Europe were contaminated by the Chernobyl-derived in April–May 1986. This paper reports a detailed study of the post-fallout redistribution within a 1 ha field located in the Chasovenkov Verh catchment in the northern part of the Middle-Russian upland. Particular attention was paid to the study of reference inventories. It is shown that the random spatial variability of is similar within undisturbed and cultivated parts of a flat interfluve. Systematic spatial variability is not essential for a relatively short (200 m) topographical unit with simple relief. The analysis of a soil redistribution pattern within the study field using the Chernobyl technique demonstrates that it is possible to identify areas of soil loss/gain. This pattern does not reflect soil redistribution for the whole field, because these have been only 12 years since the Chernobyl accident. Net erosion rates based on method were comparable to soil losses directly measured at the study field.
Author: Ludwika Kownacka, Zbigniew Jaworowski
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 144, Issues 1–3, 29 April 1994, Pages 201-215
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90439-1
Keywords: Radionuclides; Troposphere; Stratosphere; Nuclear tests; Chernobyl
Radionuclides , 90Sr, 137Cs, Troposphere, Stratosphere, 134Cs, Nuclear tests
Abstract: High altitude aircraft sampling of aerosols has been carried out at 4–7 levels up to 15 km over Poland. From 1973 to 1991 a total of 102 vertical concentration profiles of 90Sr, 134Cs and 137Cs, and 83 profiles of 144Ce were determined. One year after the sub-megaton nuclear test in 1980, 137Cs was almost completely removed from the stratosphere. The Chernobyl debris was found in the stratosphere from the third day after the accident until the end of 1991. In May 1986 the concentration of 134Cs and 137Cs at stratospheric altitudes reached about 0.5% of that between the ground level and 3 km. Residence times of Chernobyl radiocesium in the lower stratosphere systematically increased between 1987 and 1991, in variance with those of the debris from nuclear tests. The vertical concentration profiles and the long residence times of radiocesium indicate that the non-violent meteorological processes were transporting the Chernobyl debris into the lower stratosphere, immediately and long after the accident. We postulate that the same quiescent processes transport vast amounts of resuspended particulate organics from the surface of land and sea into high altitudes, and may thus bear on the chemistry of the stratosphere.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969794904391
- Title: THE IMPACTS OF THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR DISASTER ON THE FOREST VEGETATION OF THE POLISSYA REGION OF UKRAINE
Author: Dr. Mykolai Kaletnik, Dr. Petro Pasternak, Dr. Serhei Hrisiuk, Yurij Bihun
Reference:
doi:
Keywords:
Abstract: In the spring of 1986, the aftermath of the Chernobyl nuclear explosion left a substantial portion of the forested area of the Ukrainian Polissya region contaminated with radioactive fallout. Although less than 14.5% of Ukraine is forested, nearly one-quarter (24.2%) of its woodlands (appox.2,371,600 ha) are located in the Polissya region.
URL: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis/proceed/kaletnik.txt.html
Title: Radioactivity in mushrooms, mosses and soil samples of defined biotops in SW Bavaria-two years after “Chernobyl”
Author: E. F. Elstner, Rita Fink, W. Höll, E. Lengfelder, H. Ziegler
Reference:Oecologia, August I 1989, Volume 80, Issue 2, pp 173-177
doi: 10.1007/BF00380147
Keywords : Cesium isotopes, Chernobyl, 40K, Mushrooms
Abstract:Mushrooms, the moos/grass layer and soil samples have been collected in autumn 1987 from two sites in SW-Bavaria in continuation of a former investigation (Elstner et al. 1987). There were still relatively high amounts of 137Cs and 134Cs in all samples. The ratio 137Cs/134Cs changed according to the different half-life times of the two radioisotopes, indicating in nearly all cases the Chernobyl accident as source. The distribution of the radioisotopes within the mushroom populations shows considerable variation, even within the same species and location. Besides 137Cs, 134Cs and 40K no other radioisotopes were detected.
ＵＲＬ: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00380147
Title: Effect of chronic irradiation on plant resistance to biotic stress in 30-km Chernobyl nuclear power plant exclusion zone
Author: A. P. Dmitriev, D. M. Grodzinskii, N. I. Gushcha, M. S. Kryzhanovskaya
Reference:Russian Journal of Plant Physiology , November 2011, Volume 58, Issue 6, pp 1062-1068
doi: 10.1134/S1021443711060045
Keywords : Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Zea mays, Erysiphe graminis, Puccinia triticana, P. graminis, phytoimmunity, exclusion zone of Chernobyl Nuclear Power plant, low doses of chronic irradiation, plant inhibitors of proteinases
Abstract:It was established in greenhouse experiments that infection with powdery moldew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal) and brown rust (Puccinia triticana Erikss. & Henn.) of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Mironovskaya 808, Polesskay 70, and Kiyanka) grown from seeds, collected in the Chernobyl exclusion zone, was 1.5–2.0 times higher than of plants grown from control seeds. On field trials in the Chernobyl zone, wheat plant resistance to biotic stress was reduced. At artificial infection with brown rust, the disease development was enhanced on plots with increased radiation background. One of the mechanisms of the declined phytoimmunity potential under the action of low doses of chronic irradiation is evidently a reduced activity of plant proteinase inhibitors. Thus, in wheat and rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Saratovskaya) grains, their activity reduced by 35–60% as compared to control. Active form and race formation in the population of the cereal stem rust causal agent (Puccinia graminis Pers.) was observed in the Chernobyl zone. A “new” population of this fungus with high frequency of more virulent clones than in other Ukraine regions was distinguished. The results obtained independently in greenhouse and field trials performed in the Chernobyl zone demonstrated radiation stress influence on the pathogen-plant interactions. They indicate a necessity of monitoring the microevolutionary processes occurring in both plants and their pathogens under conditions of technogenic stresses.
ＵＲＬ: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1021443711060045
Title: Radioactivity in rainwater following the Chernobyl accident
Author: Dennis A. Wheeler
Reference:Environmentalist , Spring 1987, Volume 7, Issue 1, pp 31-34
doi: 10.1007/BF02277203
Keywords :
Abstract:Rainfall is a widely-acknowledged vehicle for the removal and deposition at ground level of atmospheric-borne materials. The events following the Chernobyl accident demonstrated once again the importance of atmospheric conditions in dispersing, transporting and depositing pollutants. Much attention has been paid to the contamination of vegetation and food products, yet the quality of the contaminated rainwater has been overlooked. This paper reports and summarises the findings from Great Britain and Scandinavia and shows that the issue is far from simple or easily understood.
ＵＲＬ:http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02277203
Title: Comparison of radionuclide ratios in atmospheric nuclear explosions and nuclear releases from Chernobyl and Fukushima seen in gamma ray spectrometry
Author: J. I. Friese, R. F. Kephart, D. D. Lucas
Reference: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry , May 2013, Volume 296, Issue 2, pp 899-903
DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2213-0
Keywords : CTBT, Chernobyl, Fukushima, Radionuclide monitoring, Gamma spectroscopy
Abstract: The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty has remote radionuclide monitoring followed by an On Site Inspection (OSI) to clarify the nature of a suspect event as part of its verification regime. An important aspect of radionuclide measurements on site is the discrimination of other potential sources of similar radionuclides such as reactor accidents or medical isotope production. The Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear reactor disasters offer two different reactor source term environmental inputs that can be compared against historical measurements of nuclear explosions. The comparison of whole-sample gamma spectrometry measurements from these three events and the analysis of similarities and differences are presented. This analysis is a step toward confirming what is needed for measurements during an OSI under the auspices of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10967-012-2213-0
Title: Soil-to-mushroom transfer of 137Cs, 40K, alkali–alkaline earth element and heavy metal in forest sites of Izmir, Turkey
Author: Özlem Karadeniz, Günseli Yaprak
Reference: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry , April 2011, Volume 288, Issue 1, pp 261-270
DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0908-7
Keywords: Soil to mushroom transfer, 137Cs, 40K, Alkali–alkaline earth elements, Heavy metals
Abstract: The present work is devoted to an investigation on the soil to mushroom transfer parameters for 137Cs and 40K radionuclides, as well as for some stable elements and heavy metals. The results of transfer factors for 137Cs and 40K were within the range of 0.06–3.15 and 0.67–5.68, respectively and the most efficiently transferred radionuclide was 40K. The TF values for 137Cs typically conformed to a lognormal distribution, while for 40K showed normal distribution. Statistically significant correlations between 137Cs soil to mushroom transfer factors and agrochemical soil properties have been revealed. Although the concentration ratios varied within the species, the most efficiently transferred elements seems to have been K, followed by Rb, Zn, Cu, Cd, S, Cs and Hg.
ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10967-010-0908-7
Title: 90Sr, 238U, 234U, 137Cs, 40K and 239/240Pu in Emmental type cheese produced in different regions of Western Europe
Author: P. Froidevaux, , J.-J. Geering, L. Pillonel, J.-O. Bosset, J.-F. Valley
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 72, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 287–298
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00179-6
Keywords: Strontium-90; Cheese; Uranium isotopes; Milk-to-cheese transfer; Food authenticity
Abstract: A method is presented for the determination of 90Sr and uranium in Emmental type cheese collected in dairy plants from different European countries. Results display a significant correlation (r=0.708, Student t-test=6.02) between the 90Sr content of the cheese and the altitude of grazing. The highest 90Sr activity is 1.13 Bq kg−1 of cheese and the lowest is 0.29 Bq kg−1. Uranium activity is very low with a highest 238U value of 27 mBq kg−1. In addition, 234U/238U ratio shows a large enrichment in 234U for every location. Without any significant indication of the geographic origin of the cheese, this enrichment is believed to be due to the geological features of the pasture, soil and underground water. These results tend to prove that the contamination of milk by uranium originates principally from the water that the cows drink instead of the forage. This finding may have a great importance in models dealing with dairy food contamination by radionuclides following a nuclear accident. Also, the 90Sr content and to a lesser extent the 234U/238U ratio could be used to trace the authenticity of the origin of the cheese. 137Cs activity is lower than the detection limit of 0.1 Bq kg−1 in all the samples collected (n=20). Based on natural 40K activity in cheese (15–21 Bq kg−1), the decontamination factor for the alkaline cations from milk to cheese is about 20. Plutonium activity stays below the detection limit of 0.3 mBq kg−1.
ＵＲＬ：http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X03001796
Title: Concentration of 137Cs and 40K in meat of omnivore and herbivore game species in mountain forest ecosystems of Gorski Kotar, Croatia
Author: Nikica Šprem, Ivan Babić, Domagoj Barišić, Delko Barišić
Reference: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, October 2013, Volume 298, Issue 1, pp 513-517
DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2475-1
Keywords: Game meat, 137Cs, 40K, Omnivore, Herbivore, Mountain forest ecosystem
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate 137Cs and 40K load in large mammal game species in the mountain forest region of Gorski Kotar in Croatia approximately a quarter of century after the Chernobyl accident. 137Cs and 40K activity were determined by the gamma-spectrometric method in 49 meat samples of five large game species: brown bear (Ursus arctos), wild boar (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). The results indicated that herbivore game species (roe deer, red deer and chamois) show significantly lower 137Cs concentrations than omnivore species (brown bear, wild boar), thereby confirming the hypothesis that different dietary strategy impact caesium concentrations in meat. The measured caesium load in brown bear meat was in the range of two orders of magnitude, while caesium load in wild boar meat was found in the range of one order of magnitude. The estimated effective equivalent dose showed that uptake of the highest caesium doses would be from consumption of omnivore species meat, while much lower doses could be taken in with the consumption of meat from herbivore species.
ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10967-013-2475-1
