カテゴリー「ecology・environment」
Title: Screening for 137Cs Body Burden Due to the Chernobyl Accident in Korosten City, Zhitomir, Ukraine: 1996–2008
Author: Naomi HAYASHIDA, Yui SEKITANI, Alexander KOZLOVSKY, Ruslan RAFALSKY, Alexander GUTEVICH, Valery DANILIUK, Shunichi YAMASHITA, Noboru TAKAMURA
Reference: Journal of radiation research, Vol. 52 (2011) No. 5
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.11017
Keywords: Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Internal irradiation dose, Whole body counter, 137Cs
Abstract: During the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) accident on 26 April 1986, large amounts of radionuclides were released and spread to vast areas. Inhabitants residing around CNPP have been exposed to external and internal irradiation due to the long half-life of 137Cs (30 years). In this study, we screened for internal whole-body 137Cs concentration using a whole-body counter in the Zhitomir state of Ukraine. The total number of participants was 144,972 (96,149 females and 48,823 males). The median body burden of 137Cs per body weight decreased from 1996 to 2008. In particular, after 2003, more than half of subjects had internal exposure doses below the detectable level.
URL: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jrr/52/5/52_11017/_article
Title: Current Concentration of Artificial Radionuclides and Estimated Radiation Doses from 137Cs around the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing Site, and in Nagasaki
Author: Yasuyuki TAIRA, Naomi HAYASHIDA, Gopalganapathi M. BRAHMANANDHAN, Yuji NAGAYAMA, Shunichi YAMASHITA, Jumpei TAKAHASHI, Alexander GUTEVITC, Alexander KAZLOVSKY, Marat URAZALIN, Noboru TAKAMURA
Reference: Journal of radiation research, December 24, 2010
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.10104
Keywords: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Effective dose, Gamma spectrometry, Radiation exposure potency, Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing Site
Abstract: To evaluate current environmental contamination and contributions from internal and external exposure due to the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) and nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing Site (SNTS), concentrations of artificial radionuclides in edible mushrooms, soils and stones from each area were analyzed by gamma spectrometry. Annual effective doses were calculated for each area from the cesium contamination. Calculated internal effective doses of 137Cs due to ingestion of mushrooms were 1.8 × 10–1 mSv/year (y) in Gomel city (around CNPP), 1.7 × 10–1 mSv/y in Korosten city (around CNPP), 2.8 × 10–4 mSv/y in Semipalatinsk city, and 1.3 × 10–4 mSv/y in Nagasaki.
URL: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jrr/advpub/0/advpub_10104/_article
Title: Determination of (129)I and (127)I concentration in soil samples from the Chernobyl 30-km zone by AMS and ICP-MS.
Author: Sahoo, Sarata Kumar / Muramatsu, Yasuyuki / Yoshida, Satoshi / Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki / Rühm, Werner
Reference: Journal of radiation research, 50 (4), p.325-332, Jul 2009
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.08118
Keywords: Chernobyl Soil, 129I, AMS, ICPMS, Iodine
Abstract: A large amount of radioiodine isotopes (mainly (131)I, t(1/2) = 8 days) was released from the accident at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) in April-May 1986. An increase in childhood-thyroid cancer in the contaminated areas in Belarus, Russia and the Ukraine was demonstrated to be caused by radioiodine released at the time of the accident. However, there is a lack of quantitative data on the (131)I levels in the local environment (e.g. air, plant, soil). At this point, a long-lived iodine isotope, (129)I (t(1/2) = 15.7 million years), also released with a certain ratio to (131)I from CNPP, could be used for estimating the (131)I levels in the environment.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19542689?dopt=Abstract
Title: Studies on the gamma radiation environment in Sweden with special reference to 137Cs
Author: Almgren, Sara
Reference: Göteborgs universitet, Department of Physics, 2008
Keywords: gamma radiation, caesium, 137Cs, deposition, migration, precipitation in situ, CDE, NWF, Chernobyl, soil sampling, field measurements, dose measurements, dose rate, TLD, natural radiation, kriging
Abstract: Gamma radiation in the environment today mainly originates from naturally occurring radionuclides, but anthropogenic radionuclides, such as 137Cs, contribute in some areas. In order to assess population exposure in case of fallout from nuclear weapons (NWF) or accidents, knowledge and monitoring of external gamma radiation and radionuclide concentrations in the environment is important. For this purpose 34 sampling sites were established in western Sweden and repeated soil sampling, field gamma spectrometry (in situ measurements), and dose rate measurements were performed. The variations in the activities between the different sampling occasions were found to be quite large. The naturally occurring radionuclides were the main source of outdoor dose rates. The uranium and thorium decay series contributed about equally to the total dose while the contribution from 40K was somewhat higher.
URL: https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/17691
Title: RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CHERNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE – 25 YEARS SINCE THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT
Author: Farfan, E. / Jannik, T.
Reference: HEALTH PHYSICS JOURNAL, 2011
Keywords: Radioactive waste, Chernobyl, ChNPP accident, Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
Abstract: Radioactive waste management is an important component of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident mitigation and remediation activities of the so-called Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. This article describes the localization and characteristics of the radioactive waste present in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and summarizes the pathways and strategy for handling the radioactive waste related problems in Ukraine and the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, and in particular, the pathways and strategies stipulated by the National Radioactive Waste Management Program. The brief overview of the radioactive waste issues in the ChEZ presented in this article demonstrates that management of radioactive waste resulting from a beyond-designbasis accident at a nuclear power plant becomes the most challenging and the costliest effort during the mitigation and remediation activities.
URL: http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=2&page=0&osti_id=1024196
Title: Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment
Author: Dreicer, Mona
Reference: Environmental Health Perspectives, 118 (11), p.A500-A500, Nov 2010
Keywords:
Abstract: As we near the 25th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident, there is still significant disagreement on the degree of long-term adverse impacts in the region and the world, despite decades of environmental and heath effects research. As scientific research continues, assessments of the impacts have resulted in revisions of the earlier reports of large-scale impacts. According to the authors, Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for the People and the Environment was written to provide a “brief and systematic” documentation of consequences of the accident.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2974725/
Title: Aerosol radioactivity record in Bratislava/Slovakia following the Fukushima accident – A comparison with global fallout and the Chernobyl accident
Author: Povinec, P.P. / Sýkora, I. / Holý, K. / Gera, M. / Kováčik, A. / Brest’áková, L.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 114, p.81-88, Dec 2012
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.05.008
Keywords: Atmospheric radioactivity; Aerosols; Global fallout; Radionulides; Fukushima accident
Abstract: Results of radioactivity measurements in Bratislava aerosols following the Fukushima accident showed that at least three radioactive plumes arrived to Bratislava as indicated by 131I/137Cs activity ratios. When compared with the Chernobyl results available for the Bratislava station, the Fukushima radionuclide levels were almost five orders of magnitude lower, with the maximum values for 131I and 137Cs of 0.5 and 0.07 mBq/m3, respectively. The 131I and 137Cs vs. 7Be aerosol activity records showed that the increases in 131I and 137Cs activity concentrations were accompanied by 7Be increases, indicating that both the horizontal and vertical transports of radionuclides were responsible for observed radionuclide concentrations. The 134Cs/137Cs activity ratio was close to 1, as has also been reported by other investigators.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X12001221
Title: Species richness and abundance of forest birds in relation to radiation at Chernobyl
Author: Møller, A.P. / Mousseau, T.A.
Reference: Biology Letters, 3 (5), p.483-486, Oct 2007
DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0226
Keywords: census, ecosystem effects, population density, radiation at Chernobyl, species richness
Abstract: The effects of low-level radiation on the abundance of animals are poorly known, as are the effects on ecosystems and their functioning. Recent conclusions from the UN Chernobyl forum and reports in the popular media concerning the effects of radiation from Chernobyl on animals have left the impression that the Chernobyl exclusion zone is a thriving ecosystem, filled with an increasing number of rare species. Surprisingly, there are no standardized censuses of common animals in relation to radiation, leaving the question about the ecological effects of radiation unresolved. We conducted standardized point counts of breeding birds at forest sites around Chernobyl differing in level of background radiation by over three orders of magnitude. Species richness, abundance and population density of breeding birds decreased with increasing level of radiation, even after controlling statistically for the effects of potentially confounding factors such as soil type, habitat and height of the vegetation. This effect was differential for birds eating soil invertebrates living in the most contaminated top soil layer. These results imply that the ecological effects of Chernobyl on animals are considerably greater than previously assumed.
URL: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/5/483
Title: Catchment-scale deposition and redistribution of Chernobyl radiocaesium in upland Britain.
Author: Higgitt, D. L. and Rowan, J. S. and Walling, D. E.
Reference: (1993) Catchment-scale deposition and redistribution of Chernobyl radiocaesium in upland Britain. Environment International, 19 (2). pp. 155-166.
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(93)90366-P
Keywords:
Abstract: Fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear accident in April 1986 resulted in a significant increase in the inventory of radiocaesium in many areas of upland Britain. Caesium-137 derived from nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s has been widely used as a sediment tracer to monitor soil erosion. The presence of Chernobyl fallout provides an opportunity to examine the short-term, post-input behaviour of radiocaesium in upland soils and assess its potential for investigating sediment transfer in upland systems. Sampling undertaken in the catchment of Lake Vyrnwy, North Wales considered the vertical distribution of radiocaessium in different soil types, the catchment-wide variation in Chernobyl fallout deposition, and the radiocaesium content of sediment from a variety of slope and fluvial environments. Whilst uncertainty surroungding the estimation of baseline inventories limits the detailed interpretation of short-term sediment dynamics, it is apparent that the sediment-associated redistribution of Chernobyl radioactivity may result in its accumulation in certain parts of the catchment over longer timescales.
URL: http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/22633/
Title: Measurements of long-term external and internal radiation exposure of inhabitants of some villages of the Bryansk region of Russia after the Chernobyl accident
Author: Bernhardsson, C. / Zvonova, I. / Rääf, C. / Mattsson, S.
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, 409 (22), p.4811-4817, Oct 2011
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.066
Keywords: Chernobyl; Long-term; Effective dose; Internal; External
Abstract: ► Effective dose from Chernobyl fallout in rural villages in Bryansk (Russia). ► Long-term trends (18 y) with focus on recent years. ► Different temporal variations of external and internal dose. ► Internal dose is predicted to dominate the total effective dose in the future.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711008230
