タグ「Countermeasures」
Title: Decision making framework for application of forest countermeasures in the long term after the Chernobyl accident
Author: S.V. Fesenko, G. Voigt, S.I. Spiridonov, I.A. Gontarenko
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 82, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 143-166
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.10.014
Keywords: Chernobyl accident; Forest countermeasures; 137Cs; Decision making
Abstract: After the ChNPP accident a very large part of the territories covered by natural and artificial forests are contaminated with long-lived radionuclides, especially 137Cs. To protect people against exposure associated with forest contamination in the most affected regions of the NIS countries, countermeasures have been developed and recommended for the forest management. The paper presents a decision making framework to optimise forest countermeasures in the long term after the ChNPP accident. The approach presented is based on the analysis of the main exposure pathways and application of radiological, socio-economical and ecological criteria for the selection of optimal countermeasures strategies. Because of the diversity of these criteria modern decision support technologies based on multi-attributive analysis were applied. The results of the application of this approach are presented in a selected study area (Novozybkov district, Bryansk region, Russian Federation). The results prove and emphasize the need for a flexible technique to provide the optimised forest countermeasures taking into account radioecological, social and economic features of contaminated forests.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X05000378
Title: Application of potassium chloride to a Chernobyl-contaminated lake: modelling the dynamics of radiocaesium in an aquatic ecosystem and decontamination of fish
Author: James T Smith, Anatoly V Kudelsky, Igor N Ryabov, Rolf H Hadderingh, Anatoly A Bulgakov
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 305, Issues 1–3, 15 April 2003, Pages 217-227
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00477-1
Keywords: Chernobyl; Fish; Radiocaesium; Countermeasures
Abstract: This study tests a whole-lake experiment to reduce the bioaccumulation of radiocaesium (137Cs) in fish in lakes contaminated by the Chernobyl accident. In many lakes in the Chernobyl contaminated areas, radiocaesium activity concentrations in fish are still significantly higher (up to 100 times in some species) than acceptable limits for human consumption. Estimates of the long-term rate of decline of 137Cs in fish in these regions, in the absence of countermeasures, show that radioactivity in fish in some lakes may remain above acceptable consumption limits for a further 50–100 years from the present date. In February 1998 we applied 15 t of potassium chloride to Lake Svyatoe, Kostiukovichy. The addition of potassium chloride fertilizer to the lake resulted in a decrease in activity concentration of 137Cs to approximately 40% of pre-countermeasure values in a number of different fish species. In contrast to Lake Svyatoe, 137Cs activity concentrations in fish from four control lakes showed no systematic decrease over the study period. Simplified models for transfers of 137Cs in lakes successfully ‘blind’ predicted the changes in 137Cs in water and fish resulting from this major alteration of the potassium concentration of the lake. The experiment represents the first test of a predictive model for the dynamics of radiocaesium in response to a major perturbation in potassium (its major competitor ion) in a whole lake ecosystem.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969702004771
Title: Testing of a foodchain model using Chernobyl 137Cs fallout data and considering the effect of countermeasures
Author: Zitouni Ould-Dada
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 301, Issues 1–3, 1 January 2003, Pages 225-237
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00285-1
Keywords: Chernobyl; 137Cs; Foodchain; Countermeasures; SPADE; Dose assessment; Uncertainty; BIOMASS
Abstract: Chernobyl 137Cs fallout data obtained during the period 1986–1996 from the most contaminated area in Russia were used within the IAEA BIOMASS programme to test the reliability of radiological assessment models. This model-testing scenario included information and data on countermeasures that were applied in the test area after the accident. This paper presents the predictions of the terrestrial foodchain model SPADE that was used in this model-testing exercise. SPADE predictions compared reasonably well with test data except for pigs and wild berries where differences were up to a factor of 50 and 200, respectively. Estimated intake of 137Cs and ingestion dose by adult men and women living in the test area compared favourably with the test data. Overall, SPADE proved to be capable of simulating agricultural countermeasures and their effectiveness. Modelling of countermeasures was found to be a complex process with large uncertainties regarding their ‘real’ implementation and effectiveness. The lessons learned from this exercise will be valuable in making future dose assessments/reconstructions involving countermeasures with improved results.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969702002851
Title: Countermeasures in agricultural production as an effective means of mitigating the radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident
Author: R.M. Alexakhin
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 137, Issues 1–3, 2–4 September 1993, Pages 9-20
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90374-F
Keywords: Chernobyl accident; agriculture; caesium-137; radioactive contamination; countermeasures
Abstract: In the wake of the Chernobyl accident of 1986, the implementation of a variety of protective measures in agriculture has been the most effective means of reducing the total radiation dose of the population; reduction of external radiation by soil decontamination is much less cost effective. As a result of the agricultural countermeasures, internal doses have been decreased by a factor of approximately three. In Russia, these countermeasures resulted in a decrease of 137Cs accumulation in arable crops by a factor of about 2.3 and in pastures of about 2.8. Reduction of radiocaesium in herbage is one of the most importance factors, since this results in a reduction of 137Cs in milk — the main source of radiation dose in the human diet. Countermeasures used on grazing land included ploughing, liming, application of fertilisers etc. 137Cs in plant crops can be decreased 5–10 times by changing the type of crops cultivated. In natural meadows and pastures and on arable soils without the benefit of treatment, it has been observed that plant uptake of 137Cs decreased with time. The efficiency of different protective measures in agriculture has been assessed in the accident-affected zone.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004896979390374F
Title:Forests and forestry: radiation protection measures with special reference to the Chernobyl accident zone
Author: F.A. Tikhomirov, A.I. Shcheglov, V.P. Sidorov
Reference: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 137, Issues 1–3, 2–4 September 1993, Pages 289-305
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90395-M
Keywords: Chernobyl; radiation protection; countermeasures; forest management
Abstract: A large proportion of the area contaminated by the Chernobyl accident in the former USSR is forested and has presented unique problems when considering appropriate post-contamination management and clean-up techniques. These problems are related to the forest’s role as both a source and sink for radioactive contamination. Although it has been suggested that resuspension from forested areas may provide a secondary source of contamination to adjacent land, data collected after the Kyshtym and Chernobyl accidents suggest that forest ecosystems may also be effective in limiting the further spread of contamination away from the point of initial deposition and that this effect will increase over time. Such evidence serves to highlight the importance of these ecosystems in influencing the behaviour of radionuclides immediately after their release to the environment. Management practices for forested areas adopted since 1986 are described and a critical appraisal is presented of engineering-based countermeasures implemented over the initial post-accident period. These were intended to remove large quantities of contaminated materials from the forest environment. However, it is suggested that the natural processes of self-decontamination of trees and forest floor litter layers are sufficiently rapid and efficient to necessitate radical alterations to the technologically based approaches adopted in the first 2 years after the Chernobyl accident.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004896979390395M
Title: Important factors governing exposure of the population and countermeasure application in rural settlements of the Russian Federation in the long term after the Chernobyl accident
Author: S Fesenko, P Jacob, R Alexakhin, N.I Sanzharova, A Panov, G Fesenko, L Cecille
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 56, Issues 1–2, 2001, Pages 77-98
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(01)00048-0
Keywords: Countermeasures; Chernobyl; Rural settlements; Remediation; Russia
Abstract: Rural settlements located in areas of the Russian Federation contaminated after the Chernobyl accident and exceeding an annual dose of 1 mSv a−1 have been classified according to 137Cs contamination density, internal dose and the neighbourhood of forests. It has been shown that, with the exception of the most contaminated areas, the internal doses decreased in accordance with a decline in 137Cs availability for plant root uptake. An inverse tendency was observed in areas with 137Cs contamination above 555 kBq m−2 which can be explained by a reduction or even termination of countermeasure application and by an increasing consumption of forest products in areas where restrictive countermeasures are still implemented. Twenty-seven settlements have been studied to estimate the effectiveness of countermeasures applied previously and to identify the most important factors governing the radiation exposure to the population and its change with time. It has been shown that the effectiveness of countermeasures which resulted in a decrease of up to 40% of doses has a tendency to decline in the long term.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X01000480
Title: Ecosystem remediation in radioactively polluted areas: the Chernobyl experience
Author: Davydchuk, Vassili
Reference: Ecological Engineering, 8 (4), p.325-336, Aug 1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0925-8574(97)00026-8
Keywords: Nuclear accident; Radiation damage; Countermeasures; Ecosystem remediation; Maintenance;
Forestation; Self-restoration; Radionuclides redistribution; Stabilisation; Radioecological situation; Ukraine; Chernobyl; Forest restoration
Abstract: The ecosystems of Chernobyl nuclear accident zone, having been deeply transformed by normal long-term agricultural and forestry activity, have been damaged by irradiation after the nuclear accident of 1986 and then influenced by post-accident countermeasures. Ecosystem remediation is being undertaken in this area, including maintenance of the forests, artificial afforestation, and processes of spontaneous self-restoration of the natural coenoses. Both natural and artificial remediation of the landscapes and ecosystems at the abandoned territory improves their capacity to retain radionuclides and their ability to stabilise the processes of redistribution of radionuclides and their spread in the environment. The Chernobyl zone is a territory of great importance for studying ecosystem remediation processes and elaborating on ecological engineering technologies to correct serious environmental problems arising from radionuclides release.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857497000268
Title: The Chernobyl Forum: major findings and recommendations
Author: Balonov, M.I.,
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 96 (1-3), p.6-12, Jul 2007
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.01.015
Keywords: Chernobyl accident; Health effects; Environmental radioactivity; Countermeasures
Abstract: …The recently completed Chernobyl Forum concluded that after a number of years, along with reduction of radiation levels and accumulation of humanitarian consequences, severe social and economic depression of the affected regions and associated psychological problems of the general public and the workers had become the most significant problem to be addressed by the authorities. The majority of the affected land is now safe for life and economic activities. However, in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and in some limited areas of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine some restrictions on land-use should be retained for decades to come.…
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X07000641
- Title: Countermeasures used in the Ukraine to produce forage and animal food products with radionuclide levels below intervention limits after the Chernobyl accident
Author: Prister, B.S. / Perepelyatnikov, G.P. / Perepelyatnikova, L.V. Reference: Science of The Total Environment, 137 (1-3), p.183-198, Sep 1993 doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(93)90387-L
Keywords: countermeasures; forage; amelioration; fertilizer; Chernobyl accident; sapropeli
Abstract: Radionuclide levels in animal food products are determined by the contamination levels in both pasture vegetation and forage. The wide variety of different countermeasures used in areas of the Ukraine severely affected by the Chernobyl accident, to ensure that animals are provided with forage with sufficiently low contamination levels, are described and evaluated. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004896979390387L
