Radiobiological evaluation of immigrants from the vicinity of Chernobyl.

Title: Radiobiological evaluation of immigrants from the vicinity of Chernobyl.

Author: Livingston GK, Jensen RH, Silberstein EB, Hinnefeld JD, Pratt G, Bigbee WL, Langlois RG, Grant SG, Shukla R

Reference: Int J Radiat Biol 1997, 72:703–713.

doi:10.1080/095530097142861

Keywords :

Abstract: Eighty individuals (55 adults and 25 children) who were residents of four cities (Kiev, Mozyr, Gomel and Bobrujsk) located 100-200 km from Chernobyl at the time of the accident in 1986 were tested after immigrating to the US from 1989-1991. A whole-body counter was employed to quantitate radiocesium content. In addition, two biological measures of radiation effects, namely, chromosomal integrity using the micronucleus assay and somatic mutation analysis of erythrocytes at the glycophorin A (GPA) locus, were applied to this group. Radiocesium activity in the body ranged from 0 to 56.8 Bq/kg with a mean and standard deviation of 5.0 8.2 and a median value of 2.0 Bq/kg. Mean radiocesium content by groups was highest in adult males (9.0 11.7; range 0.21-56.8 Bq/kg) followed by adult females (3.3 4.5; range 0-21.3 Bq/kg), male children (3.0 5.7; range 0-20.2 Bq/kg) and lowest in female children (1.6 3.5; range 0-12.7 Bq/kg). Individuals with the highest radiocesium content in each group belonged to one family that lived in Mozyr (100 km from Chernobyl) until emigrating in 1989. The frequency of lymphocyte micronuclei and erythrocyte GPA alleleloss (O/N) somatic mutations were both significantly correlated with radiocesium content (r 0.57, p 0.002; r 0.75, p 0.002, respectively). The micronucleus frequency also correlated with the estimated internal absorbed dose from radiocesium in a subset of 20 immigrants for whom this calculation was possible (r 0.71, p 0.0005). Altogether, the biomonitoring data indicate that some subjects had radiation doses sufficient to produce gene and chromosomal mutations in blood cells, although these effects cannot be attributed solely to radiocesium exposure.

ＵＲＬ: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/095530097142861

Radiation effects in lymphocytes of children living in a Chernobyl contaminated region of Belarus.

Title: Radiation effects in lymphocytes of children living in a Chernobyl contaminated region of Belarus.

Author: Mikhalevich LS, De Zwart FA, Perepetskaya GA, Chebotareva NV, Mikhalevich EA, Tates AD

Reference: Int J Radiat Biol 2000, 76:1377–1385.

doi:10.1080/09553000050151655

Keywords :

Abstract: To investigate cytogenetic and mutational eÚects in lymphocytes from individuals chronically exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl catastrophe. Materials and methods : Nine years after the Chernobyl accident (1986), peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 Kalinkovichi children (age 10-15) and 10 Minsk children (age 10-17) were analysed for genetic damage by several assays. Radiation damage in exposed children was investigated in descendants of progenitor cells that were irradiated during a short period immediately after the accident. In the time-span between the accident and blood sampling the cells were also irradiated chronically by internal radiation originating from ingested radionuclides and, to a smaller extent, by external radiation from radionuclides.
ＵＲＬ: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09553000050151655

A more comprehensive application of the micronucleus technique for biomonitoring of genetic damage rates in human populations – experiences from the Chernobyl catastrophe.

Title: A more comprehensive application of the micronucleus technique for biomonitoring of genetic damage rates in human populations – experiences from the Chernobyl catastrophe.

Author: Fenech M, Perepetskaya G, Mikhalevich L

Reference: Environ Mol Mutagen 1997, 30:112–118.

DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:2<112::AID-EM3>3.0.CO;2-P

Keywords : micronucleus technique, lymphocytes, cytokinesis-block method, apoptosis, transgenerational effect; Chernobyl catastrophe

Abstract: The current method for scoring micronuclei as a measure of genetic damage rate in peripheral blood cells is to enumerate this end point in cytokinesis-blocked binucleated cultured lymphocytes. However, one can expect that, due to chronic exposure to genotoxins or inherent genetic instability, micronuclei may be expressed continually in vivo in dividing cell populations such as the progenitor cell lineages leading to mature lymphocytes or erythrocytes. Consequently, micronuclei may already be expressed in peripheral blood lymphocytes prior to culture. In view of these considerations, we have performed a study in children living in regions of Belarus that are contaminated by radionuclides from the Chernobyl disaster and compared their micronucleus frequency in erythrocytes, nondivided lymphocytes, and cultured cytokinesis-blocked binucleated lymphocytes to that of controls living in noncontaminated areas. Preliminary data presented in this paper indicate a significant two- to fourfold increase in micronucleus expression (P < 0.05) in exposed children relative to controls in erythrocytes or peripheral blood lymphocytes in blood smears as well as in mononuclear and cytokinesis-blocked binucleated lymphocytes in cultures. The measurement of micronuclei in nondivided mononuclear lymphocytes represents chromosomal damage expressed during in vivo divisions. The micronuclei in binucleated cultured cells represent micronuclei expressed ex-vivo and may include micronuclei already present in a cell prior to tissue culture. These preliminary data suggest that a different spectrum and level of damage may be observed in nondivided mononuclear lymphocytes, binucleated lymphocytes, and erythrocytes and that a combination of these approaches may provide a more comprehensive assessment of the extent of genetic damage induced by chronic exposure to radionuclides or other genotoxins in haematopoietic tissue.

ＵＲＬ: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291098-2280%281997%2930:2%3C112::AID-EM3%3E3.0.CO;2-P/abstract;jsessionid=FD95AFCDA08A32206E545260A5FC08DF.f02t01

Exposure from the Chernobyl accident had adverse effects on erythrocytes, leukocytes, and, platelets in children in the Narodichesky region, Ukraine: A 6-year follow-up study

Title: Exposure from the Chernobyl accident had adverse effects on erythrocytes, leukocytes, and, platelets in children in the Narodichesky region, Ukraine: A 6-year follow-up study

Author: Eugenia Stepanova, Wilfried Karmaus, Marina Naboka, Vitaliy Vdovenko, Tim Mousseau,Viacheslav M Shestopalov, John Vena, Erik Svendsen, Dwight Underhill, Harris Pastides

Reference: Environmental Health , May 2008, 7:21

DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-7-21

Keywords :

Abstract: After the Chernobyl nuclear accident on April 26, 1986, all children in the contaminated territory of the Narodichesky region, Zhitomir Oblast, Ukraine, were obliged to participate in a yearly medical examination. We present the results from these examinations for the years 1993 to 1998. Since the hematopoietic system is an important target, we investigated the association between residential soil density of ¹³⁷Caesium (¹³⁷Cs) and hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte, platelet, and leukocyte counts in 1,251 children, using 4,989 repeated measurements taken from 1993 to 1998.

ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1476-069X-7-21

Distant radiation effects in periodontal tissues of patients suffering from catastrophe of Chornobyl Atomic Power Stations.

Title: Distant radiation effects in periodontal tissues of patients suffering from catastrophe of Chornobyl Atomic Power Stations.

Author: Zaverbna L.

Reference: Thesis for obtaining scientific degree of master of science in speciality 14.01.22-“Stomatology”. P.L.Shupyk Kyiv Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education, Research Centre for Radiation Medicine of Academy Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2001.

Abstract: The peculiarities of periodontal disease progression in liqudator of Chornobyl’s catastrophe, exposed to high doses of radiation in distant terms, taking into accaunt the presence of fied prosthesis in oral cavity, have been established. Morphological peculiaritys of oral mucous have been showed and the differents in the course of processes of lipids peroxide oxidation in saliva have been revealed in persons with and without fixed prosdthesis. The changes in hydroxiapatites of tooth hard tissues and alveolar bone under the influence of high doses of radiation have been described in the scientific work. Patological processes talking place in oral cavity in patients exposed to radiation and with general somatic patho logy were characterized in present work.

Key words: Chornobyl catastrophe, high doses of radiation, periodontium, fixed prosthesis, hydroxiapatite crystal, somatic pathology.

URL: http://librar.org.ua/sections_load.php?s=medicine&id=394&start=7

Sensorimotor Reactivity of Children Living in a Radionuclide-Contaminated Zone

Title: Sensorimotor Reactivity of Children Living in a Radionuclide-Contaminated Zone

Author: A. I. Kienya, O. V. Kirichenko

Reference: Human Physiology , March 2001, Volume 27, Issue 2, pp 216-220

DOI: 10.1023/A:1011087518862

Keywords :

Abstract: Schoolchildren aged 8 to 13 years were examined in Gomel. The children’s sensorimotor reaction to light and acoustic stimuli is characterized with regard for their age and sex on the basis of the latency of sensorimotor reactions (LSMR), which shortened significantly with age in children of either sex. This developed unevenly in the children examined, as may be seen from the quite broad ranges of the LSMR fluctuation in each age group. The boys had a stronger sensorimotor reaction to both light and acoustic stimuli than the girls. At the same time, both the boys and the girls reacted to the acoustic stimulus more actively than to the light stimulus.

ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1011087518862

Chronic Contamination with 137Cesium in Rat: Effect on Liver Cholesterol Metabolism

Title: Chronic Contamination with ¹³⁷Cesium in Rat: Effect on Liver Cholesterol Metabolism

Author: M. Souidi, E. Tissandie, L. Grandcolas, S. Grison, F. Paquet, P. Voisin, J. Aigueperse, P. Gourmelon Y. Guéguen

Reference: International Journal of Toxicology November 2006 vol. 25 no. 6 493-497

DOI: 10.1080/10915810600961317

Keywords : Cesium, Chernobyl, Cholesterol, Liver, Rat

Abstract: After the Chernobyl nuclear accident, epidemiological studies on human populations living in ¹³⁷Cs-contaminated areas revealed the increase frequencies of thyroid cancer and evoked the apparition of cardiovascular diseases, hormonal effect, liver alteration, and lipid disorder. Actually, it raises a problem of public safety for the populations living on these territories that are exposed to low levels of ¹³⁷Cs during a long period through food. Then it is necessary to study potential effect of this chronic contamination. To mimic this situation, the authors investigate the potential biological effects of chronic exposure to ¹³⁷Cs at a postaccidental dose (150 Bq/rat/day) on hepatic metabolism of cholesterol in rat. Plasma lipid level, gene expression and activity were analyzed. It was observed that in ¹³⁷Cs-exposed rats, gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and liver X receptor α (LXRα) are increased (95%, p < .05; 34%, p < .05; 20%, p < 0.05, respectively), whereas transporter adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) is decreased (42%, p < .05). In addition, cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1) activity is increased (34%, p < .05) in contaminated rat liver. In conclusion, the results suggest that ¹³⁷Cs contamination at low-level induces molecular modifications of the liver cholesterol metabolism without leading to a dysregulation of its homeostasis. These results suggest that chronic long term exposure at low-level of ¹³⁷Cs may evolve to lipid disorder.

ＵＲＬ：http://ijt.sagepub.com/content/25/6/493

In vivo effects of chronic contamination with 137 cesium on testicular and adrenal steroidogenesis

Title: In vivo effects of chronic contamination with 137 cesium on testicular and adrenal steroidogenesis

Author: Elise Grignard, Yann Guéguen, Stéphane Grison, Jean-Marc A. Lobaccaro, Patrick Gourmelon, Maâmar Souidi

Reference: Archives of Toxicology , September 2008, Volume 82, Issue 9, pp 583-589

DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0268-4

Keywords : Steroidogenesis, Testis, Adrenal, Cesium, Chronic contamination

Abstract: More than 20 years after Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion, radionuclids are still mainly bound to the organic soil layers. The radiation exposure is dominated by the external exposure to gamma-radiation following the decay of ¹³⁷Cs and by soil-to-plant-to-human transfer of ¹³⁷Cs into the food chain. Because of this persistence of contamination with ¹³⁷Cs, questions regarding public health for people living in contaminated areas were raised. We investigated the biological effects of chronic exposure to ¹³⁷Cs on testicular and adrenal steroidogenesis metabolisms in rat. Animals were exposed to radionuclide in their drinking water for 9 months at a dose of 6,500 Bq/l (610 Bq/kg/day). Cesium contamination decreases the level of circulating 17β-estradiol, and increases corticosterone level. In testis, several nuclear receptors messenger expression is disrupted; levels of mRNA encoding Liver X receptor α (LXRα) and LXRβ are increased, whereas farnesoid X receptor mRNA presents a lower level. Adrenal metabolism presents a paradoxical decrease in cyp11a1 gene expression. In conclusion, our results show for the first time molecular and hormonal modifications in testicular and adrenal steroidogenic metabolism, induced by chronic contamination with low doses of ¹³⁷Cs.

ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00204-007-0268-4

Tissue reactions under chronic exposure to ionizing radiation

Title: Tissue reactions under chronic exposure to ionizing radiation

Author: A. V. Akleyev

Reference: Biophysics, February 2010, Volume 55, Issue 1, pp 128-141

DOI: 10.1134/S0006350910010203

Keywords : chronic exposure, hemopoiesis, immunity, endocrine system, gonads, skin, lungs

Abstract: Reviewed are radiobiological data on the emergence of tissue reactions that may determine the course and outcome of human chronic irradiation. The main mechanisms of the reaction of hemopoietic, immune, reproductive, endocrine, respiratory systems and skin to long-term and fractionated exposure to ionizing radiation are considered. The problem of developing a new approach to threshold dose estimation for chronic exposure effects is discussed.

ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS0006350910010203

Analysis of Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in Children Living around Chernobyl Exposed Long-Term to Low Doses of Cesium-137 and Various Doses of Iodine-131

Title: Analysis of Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in Children Living around Chernobyl Exposed Long-Term to Low Doses of Cesium-137 and Various Doses of Iodine-131

Author: Eugene V. Vykhovanets, Victor P. Chernyshov, Igor I. Slukvin, Yury G. Antipkin, Alexander Vasyuk, and Valerey Colos

Reference: Radiation Research June 2000 : Vol. 153, Issue 6 (Jun 2000), pg(s) 760-772

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0760:AOBLSI]2.0.CO;2

Keywords : blood lymphocyte, children, low doses, cesium-137, iodine-131

Abstract: Epidemiological studies have found that children living around Chernobyl have rates of respiratory tract illness that are higher than those seen in the area before the Chernobyl accident. The present study investigates the possible effects of radiation exposure on the composition of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in children living around Chernobyl. Two hundred nineteen healthy children and children suffering from recurrent respiratory diseases aged 6–14 years who received both low doses of radiation to the whole body from ¹³⁷Cs and various doses of radiation to the thyroid from ¹³¹I as fallout from the accident were assessed 5 (1991) and 8–10 years (1994–1996) after the accident. A total of 148 healthy children and children suffering from recurrent respiratory diseases living in noncontaminated areas were also evaluated as controls. Children with recurrent respiratory diseases who lived around Chernobyl had a significantly lower percentage of T cells and a higher percentage of NK cells compared to control children with recurrent respiratory diseases during the study period. In contrast to the findings in 1991, a significant decrease in the percentage of helper-inducer cells was observed in children with recurrent respiratory diseases in 1994–1996. In contrast to 1991, there is a positive correlation between the percentage of helper-inducer cells, the helper-inducer/cytotoxic-suppressor cell ratio, and the dose of radiation to the thyroid of healthy children from ¹³¹I in 1994–1996. There was a positive correlation between the dose of radiation to the thyroid from ¹³¹I and the percentage of helper-inducer cells in children with recurrent respiratory diseases 5 years (1991) after the accident. Further, the dose of radiation to the thyroid from ¹³¹I correlated negatively with the percentage of T and B cells and positively with the percentage of NK cells in children with recurrent respiratory diseases 8–10 years (1994–1996) after the accident. These results raise the possibility that long-term exposure to low doses of ¹³⁷Cs may have altered the composition of the T-cell subsets and NK cells in children with recurrent respiratory diseases. The differences in the composition of the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets between healthy children and those with recurrent respiratory diseases may be attributed to long-term low-dose exposure of the whole body to radiation from ¹³⁷Cs and exposure of the thyroid to radiation from ¹³¹I subsequent to the Chernobyl accident.

ＵＲＬ：http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1667/0033-7587%282000%29153%5B0760%3AAOBLSI%5D2.0.CO%3B2?prevSearch=chernobyl%2Bobstetrics&searchHistoryKey=&queryHash=93d611a9bfec5beb1e2f82cb49cf110e