Chapter 100 – Use of 131-Iodine and the Risk of Radiation Exposure: Potential Hazards to the Patient and Other People

Title:Chapter 100 – Use of 131-Iodine and the Risk of Radiation Exposure: Potential Hazards to the Patient and Other People

Author: Cappelen, Tone / Unhjem, Jan Frede

Reference: Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine, Jan 2009

ISBN:9780123741356

Keywords:

Abstract: For decades, ¹³¹I (radioiodine) has been used for the diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant conditions of the thyroid gland. The beta particles from ¹³¹I damage and destroy the thyroid partly or completely. Radiation from ¹³¹I has the potential to induce solid cancers and leukemia, but there is no firm evidence of increased cancer risk after a diagnostic scan or treatment for hyperthyroidism. A significantly increased risk of second primary malignancies has been reported with high cumulative activities of ¹³¹I. There is no evidence that treatment with ¹³¹I is associated with infertility in female patients or birth defects in subsequent children. Age at the time of such exposure is the most important factor that influences cancer risks. The thyroid gland of children is very sensitive to radiation, and special precautions should be taken in order to minimize external exposure and contamination of children and pregnant women. Some studies recommend that when ¹³¹I is given to parents of small children, persons other than the patient should take care of the children in the first days after treatment. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has recommended occupational and public dose limits and dose constraints. The European Commission (EC) has suggested more detailed dose constraints for different categories of caregivers.

…children, thyroid cancer after radiation…accident in Chernobyl. There are…of thyroid cancer by external…131 I. The thyroid gland of children…1968 ). The Chernobyl accident has…radiation and thyroid cancer. It has become…

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012374135600100X

Rethink on Chernobyl

Title: Rethink on Chernobyl

Author: Rich, Vera

Reference: The Lancet, 343 (8904), p.1032, Apr 1994

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90149-X

Keywords:

Abstract: …Lancet NEWS Rethink on Chernobyl Vera Rich Belarus is preparing…of conta- mination from Chernobyl and the medical effects (such as thyroid cancer and . leukaemia) made…suggests that the aftermath of Chernobyl has developed into a political…

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067369490149X

Environmental Exposures and Cancer

Title: 51 – Environmental Exposures and Cancer
Author: Moy, Eileen V. / Christiani, David C.

Reference: Women and Health, Jan 2000

ISBN:9780122881459

Keywords:

Abstract: …and the association between exposure and cancer occurrence appears to be dose-related…in documented increases in incidence of thyroid cancer or benign thyroid nodules [34,40]. The Chernobyl nuclear re- actor accident in the Ukraine…

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780122881459500590

Chernobyl in retrospect

Title: Chernobyl in retrospect
Author: Young, Robert W.

Reference: Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 39 (1-3), p.27-IN4, Jan 1988

doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(88)90036-8

Keywords:

Abstract: …subsequently concentrated in the thyroid, which uses and stores iodine…high levels of 131I can cause thyroid cancer, benign thyroid tumors, and hypothyroidism…Accident Evacuated Pripyat 49,000 Chernobyl 12,000 30-km radius 74…

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0163725888900368

Chernobyl Tenth Anniversary: strategy for response, organisation, examples and results

Title: Chernobyl Tenth Anniversary: strategy for response, organisation, examples and results
Author: Malcolm C Grimston

Reference: Journal of Radiological Protection, 17 (1), p.31-35, Mar 1997

doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/17/1/005

Keywords:

Abstract: This paper describes the essential steps in setting up the Task Force; discusses the main elements of the strategy which emerged, including the Chernobyl Fact Sheets, the identification of credible third parties who could explain key issues with the media, and the secondment of a British press officer to the plant to coordinate international visits; and evaluates press response to the anniversary in comparison with previous anniversaries.

…example, that Chernobyl has already killed…clear increase in thyroid cancer incidence in Belarus…International Chernobyl Project, 1991; leukaemia and thyroid cancer; other heath problems…countries; ‘Chernobyl lamb.’ 9. Energy…

URL: http://iopscience.iop.org/0952-4746/17/1/005/

Chernobyl, Stress Effects of *

Title: Chernobyl, Stress Effects of *

Author: Tænnessen, A. / Weisæth, L.

Reference: Encyclopedia of Stress, Jan 2007

ISBN:9780123739476

Keywords:

Abstract: The nuclear reactor accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine, on April 26, 1986, created acute, short-term and long-term effects both locally and farther away. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) is located in the Kiev region of Ukraine. In contrast to the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, in which the release was contained, at Chernobyl there was an extremely large release of radioactivity into the environment because the design of the reactor did not provide for the additional safety containment. The radioactive fallout resulted in three main spots of contamination within the former Soviet Union. The far-field fallout depended on the meteorological conditions; the radioactive clouds first spread to Scandinavia, followed by the Balkans and then other parts of Europe. In contrast to previous experience with atomic bomb fallout, which tended to be homogeneous, the washout from the Chernobyl fallout plume resulted in very heterogeneous fallout. This made it difficult to predict the location and intensity of fallout radiation.

…Units 1–4 of the Chernobyl NPP while 268 staff…health impacts of Chernobyl that is currently…the prevalence of thyroid diseases, including cancer, in children in…by the senses. The Chernobyl NPP accident started…

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739476000763

Estimating long-term health effects

Title:  Estimating long-term health effects.

Author: Frank uon Hippel, Thomas B. Cochran

Reference: [PDF-2MB]Oct 2011 CHERNOBYL -THE EMERGING STORY-.
Keywords:

Abstract: .effects of the Chernobyl episode will…site during the Chernobyl accident – are…thousands of cancer deaths and generally less fatal thyroid tumors. These…the spread of thyroid inhalation doses…accident at the Chernobyl reactor. nobyl…increase the cancer rate in areas where…

URL: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5369685

Thyroid and antithyroid drugs

Title: Thyroid and antithyroid drugs

Author: Bouillon, R.

Reference: Side Effects of Drugs Annual, 13, p.375-380, Jan 1989

doi: 10.1016/S0378-6080(89)80048-0

Keywords:

Abstract: The adjustment of the thyroxine replacement dosage has been debated for several years. The minimum dose can be defined as the amount that normalizes serum TSH, and the maximum dose as the amount that increases serum T3 to the supranormal range. The chapter talks about the studies on effects of administering thyroid drugs and notes that the ultimate evaluation of such therapy awaits, however, better randomized prospective studies instead of the present retrospective analysis. It also cites studies on antithyroid drugs and notes that classical antithyroid drugs, however, by their effect on inhibiting the new synthesis, but not the secretion of existing hormones, only normalize thyroid hormone concentrations after one to several weeks. The chapter also mentions some side effects like agranulocytosis and polymyositis. There is also a discussion about some studies on Antithyroid drugs, pregnancy, and skin defects. Iodine and the iodides have also been explained.

…used for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma can increase the…1311 because of metastatic thyroid carcinoma (27c). Testicular…Exposure to 131I after the Chernobyl inci- dent in travellers returning from Eastern Thyroid and antithyroid drugs Chapter…

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378608089800480

Concerns With Low-Level Ionizing Radiation * * Based on a Grand Rounds presentation at the Mayo Clinic on Sept. 16, 1992.

Title: Concerns With Low-Level Ionizing Radiation * * Based on a Grand Rounds presentation at the Mayo Clinic on Sept. 16, 1992.
Author: YALOW, ROSALYN S.
Reference: Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 69 (5), p.436-440, May 1994
doi: 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)61639-5
Keywords: LET, linear energy transfer
Abstract: Studies of populations in geographic areas of increased cosmic radiation and high natural background radiation, radiation-exposed workers, patients with medical exposure to radioactivity, and accidental exposure are reviewed.

…of radiation-induced thyroid nodules is higher than the risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer. Therefore, as part of the International Chernobyl Project in 1990, data…obtained about the nature of thyroid nodules in the population…

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619612616395

RADIATION RISKS TO HEALTH

Title:　 RADIATION RISKS TO HEALTH　　 1850 Samuel Morse Drive, Reston, VA 20190-5316 P: 703.708.9000 F:…

Reference: A Joint Statement from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Thyroid Association, The Endocrine Society, and the Society of Nuclear Medicine [PDF-30K]Mar 2011

Keywords:

Abstract:  The recent nuclear reactor accident in Japan due to the earthquake and tsunami has raised fears of radiation exposure to populations in North America from the potential plume of radioactivity crossing the Pacific Ocean. The principal radiation source of concern is radioactive iodine including iodine-131, a radioactive isotope that presents a special risk to health because iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and exposure of the thyroid to high levels of radioactive iodine may lead to development of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer years later. During the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident in 1986, people in the surrounding region were exposed to radioactive iodine principally from intake of food and milk from contaminated farmlands. As demonstrated by the Chernobyl experience, pregnant women, fetuses, infants and children are at the highest risk for developing thyroid cancer whereas adults over age 20 are at negligible risk.

URL: http://www.snm.org/docs/hpra/Radiation_Risk_Joint_Statement_FINAL_Letterhead.pdf