Author: Alexander Gorsky
Reference: Радиация и риск (Radiation and risk (Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry)) Year: 2003 Release Number: S1
Abstract: Analyses on the potential link between rise in incidence of thyroid cancer and radiation dose, among the population of the Oryol region.
Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIONUCLIDE DIAGNOSE THROYD CANCER：
Author: Gorobets V.F., Davydov G.A., Oleynik N.A., Gorobets N.Y., Davydova E.V.
Reference: Radiation and Lisk 2011 vol.20, No.2
Keywords: thyroid cancer, RADIONUCLIDE DIAGNOSTICS, size of cancer nodules, biological activity of malignant tumors, accompanying non-cancer thyroid diseases
Abstract: 59 patients with pathologically confirmed thyroid cancer underwent biphase scintigraphy with application of 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-MIBI prior to operation. The true positive results were detected in 35 patients (59.32 %). It was found, that one of the most significant factors which effected the quality of radionuclide imaging was the size of the cancer nodule: images of nodules with diameter >1 cm were of higher quality. As the factor, promoting positive radionuclide diagnostics, serves biological activity of thyroid cancer, which was shown by invasion of increased cancer nodules to surrounding tissues and/or the presence of metastases. The factor, complicating radionuclide diagnostics of cancer nodules, was the presence of accompanying non-cancer thyroid diseases.
Title: DISTANT RADIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR ACCIDENT FOR THE POPULATION OF THE KALUGA REGION
Author: Drynova N.N., Vlasov O.K., Schukin N.V., Ivanov V.K.
Reference: Radiation and Lisk 2009 vol.18 No.4
Keywords: attributable risk, solid cancers, inhabitants of the Kaluga oblast
Abstract: Prognosis of induction of radiation related solid cancers in population of the Kaluga oblast was made with the use of UNSCEAR model. It was found that the increase in the rate of all solid cancers could be up to 1 %. Calculated and actual data of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry were in good agreement. The contribution of radiation to increase of the rate of breast cancer in young women can be up to 4 %.
Title: Iodine concentration in current Japanese foods and beverages
Author: Kikuchi Y, Takebayashi T, Sasaki S.
Reference: Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2008; 63: 724–734
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1265/jjh.63.724
Keywords: iodine, Japan, food
Abstract: In the present study, we determined iodine concentration in commonly consumed foods in Japan.
URL: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjh/63/4/63_4_724/_article/-char/ja/
Author: Y. Shimizu, D.A. Pierce, D.L. Preston, K. Mabuchi
Reference: Radiat. Res. -1999. – Vol. 152, № 4. – P. 374-389.
Keywords: noncancer disease, curvilinear dose-response, suicide
Abstract: This report updates the data on noncancer mortality for 86,572 atomic bomb survivors with dose estimates in the Radiation Effects Research Foundation’s Life Span Study cohort. The primary analyses are based on more than 27,000 noncancer disease deaths that occurred in the cohort between October 1, 1950, and December 31, 1990, 30% more than in the previous report. The present analyses strengthen earlier findings of a statistically significant increase in noncancer disease death rates with radiation dose. Increasing trends are observed for diseases of the circulatory, digestive and respiratory systems. Rates for those exposed to 1 Sv are elevated about 10%, a relative increase that is considerably smaller than that for cancer. However, estimates of the number of radiation-related noncancer deaths in the cohort to date (140 to 280) are 50 to 100% of the number for solid cancer. The data do not yet clarify the shape of the dose response. There is no significant evidence against linearity, but the data are statistically consistent with curvilinear dose-response functions that posit essentially zero risk for doses below 0.5 Sv. Similarly, while the data are consistent with substantial variation in the excess relative risk with age at exposure or attained age, there is no statistically significant dependence on these factors. In view of the small relative risks and the lack of understanding of biological mechanisms, we emphasize consideration of whether the findings could be explained by misclassification, confounding or selection effects. Based on available data, we conclude that such factors are unlikely to fully explain the observed dose response. A significant dose response is also seen for deaths from blood diseases with an excess relative risk that is several times greater than that seen for solid cancer. Particular attention is paid to the possibility that this apparent effect is a consequence of the attribution of leukemia or other cancer deaths to noncancer blood diseases. We find that misclassification does not explain this excess risk. As in earlier reports, suicide rates tend to decrease with increasing dose.
Reference: Radiat. Res. —2003. — Vol. 160, № 4. — P. 381–407.
Keywords: A-bomb survivors, multiple diseases
Abstract: This continues the series of general reports on mortality in the cohort of atomic bomb survivors followed up by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. This cohort includes 86,572 people with individual dose estimates, 60% of whom have doses of at least 5 mSv. We consider mortality for solid cancer and for noncancer diseases with 7 additional years of follow-up. There have been 9,335 deaths from solid cancer and 31,881 deaths from noncancer diseases during the 47-year follow-up. Of these, 19% of the solid cancer and 15% of the noncancer deaths occurred during the latest 7 years. We estimate that about 440 (5%) of the solid cancer deaths and 250 (0.8%) of the noncancer deaths were associated with the radiation exposure. The excess solid cancer risks appear to be linear in dose even for doses in the 0 to 150-mSv range. While excess rates for radiation-related cancers increase throughout the study period, a new finding is that relative risks decline with increasing attained age, as well as being highest for those exposed as children as noted previously. A useful representative value is that for those exposed at age 30 the solid cancer risk is elevated by 47% per sievert at age 70. There is no significant city difference in either the relative or absolute excess solid cancer risk. Site-specific analyses highlight the difficulties, and need for caution, in distinguishing between site-specific relative risks. These analyses also provide insight into the difficulties in interpretation and generalization of LSS estimates of age-at-exposure effects. The evidence for radiation effects on noncancer mortality remains strong, with risks elevated by about 14% per sievert during the last 30 years of follow-up. Statistically significant increases are seen for heart disease, stroke, digestive diseases, and respiratory diseases. The noncancer data are consistent with some non-linearity in the dose response owing to the substantial uncertainties in the data. There is no direct evidence of radiation effects for doses less than about 0.5 Sv. While there are no statistically significant variations in noncancer relative risks with age, age at exposure, or sex, the estimated effects are comparable to those seen for cancer. Lifetime risk summaries are used to examine uncertainties of the LSS noncancer disease findings.
Author: Selemon L.D., Begović A., Rakic P.
Reference: J. Comp. Neurol. — 2009. — Vol. 515, № 4. — P. 454–464.
Keywords: decrease of neuron, prenatal exposure, schizophrenia
Abstract: Neurons in the macaque brain arise from progenitors located near the cerebral ventricles in a temporally segregated manner such that lethal doses of ionizing irradiation, if administered over a discrete time interval, can deplete individual nuclei selectively. A previous study showed that neuron number in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is reduced following early gestational exposure to x-irradiation (Algan and Rakic [1997] J. Comp. Neurol. 12:335-352). Here we examine whether similarly timed irradiation decreases neuron number in three associational thalamic nuclei: mediodorsal (MD), anterior, and pulvinar. Ten macaques were exposed to multiple doses of x-rays (total exposure (175-350 cGy) in early gestation (E33-E42) or midgestation (E70-E90); eight nonirradiated macaques were controls. Only the early-irradiated monkeys, not the midgestationally irradiated animals, exhibited deficits in whole-thalamic neuron (-15%) and glia numbers (-21%) compared with controls. Reduction of neuron number (-26%) and volume (-29%) was particularly pronounced in MD. In contrast, cell number and volume were not significantly decreased in the anterior or pulvinar nuclei following early gestational irradiation. Thus, reduced thalamic neuron number was associated specifically with irradiation in early gestation. Persistence of the thalamic neuronal deficit in adult animals indicates that prenatally deleted neurons had not been replenished during maturation or in adulthood. The selective reduction of MD neuron number also supports the protomap hypothesis that neurons of each thalamic nucleus originate sequentially from separate lines of neuronal stem cells (Rakic [1977a] J. Comp. Neurol. 176:23-52). The early gestationally irradiated macaque is discussed as a potentially useful model for studying the neurodevelopmental pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Author: L. Litcher, E.J. Bromet, G. Carlson et al.
Reference: J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry. — 2000. — Vol. 3, № 41. — P. 291–299.
Keywords: neuropsychological functioning, Pripyat, Benton Form A, mothers, Conners Teacher’s Rating Scale
Abstract: This paper examines the cognitive and neuropsychological functioning of children who were in utero to age 15 months at the time of the Chornobyl disaster and were evacuated to Kyiv from the 30-kilometer zone surrounding the plant. Specifically, we compared 300 evacuee children at ages 10–12 with 300 non-evacuee Kyiv classmates on objective and subjective measures of attention, memory, and school performance. The evacuee children were not significantly different from their classmates on the objective measures (grades; Symbolic Relations subtest of the Detroit Test; forms 1 and 2 of the Visual Search and Attention Test; Benton Form A; Trails A; Underline the Words Test) or on most of the subjective measures (the attention subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist completed by mothers; the attention items of the Iowa Conners Teacher’s Rating Scale; mother and child perceptions of school performance). The one exception was that 31.3% of evacuee mothers compared to 7.4% of classmate mothers indicated that their child had a memory problem. However, this subjective measure of memory problems was not significantly related to neuropsychological or school performance. No significant differences were found in comparisons of evacuees and classmates who were in utero at the time of the explosion, children from Pripyat vs. other villages in the 30-kilometer zone, and children manifesting greater generalized anxiety. For both groups, children with greater Chornobyl-focused anxiety performed significantly worse than children with less Chornobyl-focused anxiety on measures of attention. The results thus fail to confirm two previous reports that relatively more children from areas contaminated by radiation had cognitive deficits compared to controls. Possible reasons for the differences in findings among the studies are discussed. (full text available on web)
URL: http://www.upa-psychiatry.org.ua/articles/LitcherNeuropsych.pdf
Author: Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Mandelzweig L, Nahon D, Freedman L, Susser E, Gross R.
Reference: Radiat Res. 2011, 176 (5): 670–677.
Keywords: schizophrenia
Abstract: The aim of our study was to assess risk of schizophrenia after childhood exposure to ionizing radiation to the head (mean dose: 1.5 Gy).
No statistically significant association was found between radiation exposure and schizophrenia for the total group (hazard ratio per 1 Gy to the brain: 1.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.93-1.18) or within subgroups of sex, dose categories or latent period. When comparing a subgroup of subjects irradiated under 5 years of age with the matched unexposed group, the estimated hazard ratio reached 1.18 (95% confidence interval: 0.96-1.44; P = 0.1). The results of our analysis do not support an association between exposure to ionizing radiation and risk of schizophrenia. Further research is required.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22026716
Author: J. Raber, R. Rola, A. LeFevour et al.
Reference: Radiat. Res. ― 2004. ― Vol. 162, № 1. ― P. 39–47.
Keywords: brain tumor, arteriovenous malformation, cognitive function, learning memory
Abstract: During treatment of brain tumors, some head and neck tumors, and other diseases, like arteriovenous malformations, the normal brain is exposed to ionizing radiation. While high radiation doses can cause severe tissue destruction, lower doses can induce cognitive impairments without signs of overt tissue damage. The underlying pathogenesis of these impairments is not well understood but may involve the neural precursor cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. To assess the effects of radiation on cognitive function, 2-month-old mice received either sham treatment (controls) or localized X irradiation (10 Gy) to the hippocampus/cortex and were tested behaviorally 3 months later. Compared to controls, X-irradiated mice showed hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory impairments in the Barnes maze but not the Morris water maze. No nonspatial learning and memory impairments were detected. The cognitive impairments were associated with reductions in proliferating Ki-67-positive cells and Doublecortin-positive immature neurons in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. This study shows significant cognitive impairments after a modest dose of radiation and demonstrates that the Barnes maze is particularly sensitive for the detection of radiation-induced cognitive deficits in young adult mice. The significant loss of proliferating SGZ cells and their progeny suggests a contributory role of reduced neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced cognitive impairments.