(日本語) チェルノブイリ原発事故で被害を受けた小児の、IA,IB期の非中毒性甲状腺腫の特色
Radioadaptive Response Following In Utero Low-Dose Irradiation
Title: Radioadaptive Response Following In Utero Low-Dose Irradiation
Author: Eric K. Howell, Sergey P. Gaschak, Kenneth D. W. Griffith and Brenda E. Rodgers
Reference: Radiation Research January 2013 : Vol. 179, Issue 1 (Jan 2013), pg(s) 29-37
DOI: 10.1667/RR3029.1
Keywords : In Utero, low-dose irradiation, DNA damage
Abstract: Acute radiation exposure is known to cause biological damage that leads to severe health effects. However, the effects and subsequent health implications of exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low-dose ionizing radiation exposures in utero. Pregnant laboratory mice (BALB/c) were exposed to low-dose Chernobyl radiation [10–13 mSv per day for 10 days] during organogenesis. The progeny were born and weaned in an uncontaminated laboratory, then were exposed to an acute radiation dose (2.4 Sv). Analysis of our end points (litter dynamics, DNA damage, bone marrow stem cell function, white blood cell counts and gene expression) suggests that a low-dose (100–130 mSv) in utero exposure to ionizing radiation is not deleterious to the offspring. Rather DNA damage, white blood cell levels, and gene expression results suggest a radioadaptive response was elicited for the in utero exposure with respect to the effects of the subsequent acute radiation exposure.
Three Somatic Genetic Biomarkers and Covariates in Radiation-Exposed Russian Cleanup Workers of the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor 6–13 Years after Exposure
Title: Three Somatic Genetic Biomarkers and Covariates in Radiation-Exposed Russian Cleanup Workers of the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor 6–13 Years after Exposure
Author: Irene M. Jones, Heather Galick, Paula Kato, Richard G. Langlois, Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, Gloria A. Murphy, Pavel Pleshanov, Marilyn J. Ramsey, Cynthia B. Thomas, James D. Tucker, Ludmila Tureva, Irina Vorobtsova, and David O. Nelson
Reference: Radiation Research 158(4):424-442. 2002
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0424:TSGBAC]2.0.CO;2
Keywords : cleanup workers, genetic biomarkers
Abstract: Three somatic mutation assays were evaluated in men exposed to low-dose, whole-body, ionizing radiation. Blood samples were obtained between 1992 and 1999 from 625 Russian Chernobyl cleanup workers and 182 Russian controls. The assays were chromosome translocations in lymphocytes detected by FISH, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mutant frequency in lymphocytes by cloning, and flow cytometic assay for glycophorin A (GPA) variant frequency of both deletion (N/Ø) and recombination (N/N) events detected in erythrocytes. Over 30 exposure and lifestyle covariates were available from questionnaires. Among the covariates evaluated, some increased (e.g. age, smoking) and others decreased (e.g. date of sample) biomarker responses at a magnitude comparable to Chernobyl exposure. When adjusted for covariates, exposure at Chernobyl was a statistically significant factor for translocation frequency (increase of 30%, 95% CI of 10%–53%, P = 0.002) and HPRT mutant frequency (increase of 41%, 95% CI of 19%–66%, P < 0.001), but not for either GPA assay. The estimated average dose for the cleanup workers based on the average increase in translocations was 9.5 cGy. Translocation analysis is the preferred biomarker for low-dose radiation dosimetry given its sensitivity, relatively few covariates, and dose–response data. Based on this estimated dose, the risk of exposure-related cancer is expected to be low.
Children of Chernobyl Cleanup Workers do not Show Elevated Rates of Mutations in Minisatellite Alleles
Title: Children of Chernobyl Cleanup Workers do not Show Elevated Rates of Mutations in Minisatellite Alleles
Author: L. A. Livshits, S. G. Malyarchuk, E. M. Lukyanova, Y. G. Antipkin, L. P. Arabskaya, S. A. Kravchenko, G. H. Matsuka , E. Petit, F. Giraudeau, P. Gourmelon, G. Vergnaud , and B. Le Guen
Reference: Radiation Research 155(1):74-80. 2001
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2001)155[0074:COCCWD]2.0.CO;2
Keywords : children, cleanup workers, mutations, minisatellite
Abstract: The disaster at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in April 1986 was accompanied by the release of large amounts of radioisotopes, resulting in the contamination of extensive regions of the Ukraine, Byelorus and the Russian Federation. Cleanup workers (liquidators) and people living on land contaminated with radioactive materials were most exposed. To assess the genetic effects of exposure to ionizing radiation after the Chernobyl accident, we have measured the frequency of inherited mutant alleles at seven hypermutable minisatellite loci in 183 children born to Chernobyl cleanup workers (liquidators) and 163 children born to control families living in nonirradiated areas of the Ukraine. There was no significant difference in the frequency of inherited mutant alleles between the exposed and control groups. The exposed group was then divided into two subgroups according to the time at which the children were conceived with respect to the fathers’ work at the power plant. Eighty-eight children were conceived either while their fathers were working at the facility or up to 2 months later (Subgroup 1). The other 95 children were conceived at least 4 months after their fathers had stopped working at the Chernobyl site (Subgroup 2). The frequencies of mutant alleles were higher for the majority of loci (i.e. 1.44 times higher for CEB1) in Subgroup 1 than in Subgroup 2. This result, if confirmed, would reconcile the apparently conflicting results obtained in the chronically exposed Byelorus population and the Hiroshima-Nagasaki A-bomb survivors.
Dosimetry for a Study of Low-Dose Radiation Cataracts among Chernobyl Clean-up Workers
Title: Dosimetry for a Study of Low-Dose Radiation Cataracts among Chernobyl Clean-up Workers
Author: V. V. Chumak, B. V. Worgul, Y. I. Kundiyev, N. M. Sergiyenko, P. M. Vitte, C. Medvedovsky, E. V. Bakhanova, A. K. Junk, O. Y. Kyrychenko, N. V. Musijachenko, S. V. Sholom, S. A. Shylo, O. P. Vitte, S. Xu, X. Xue, and R. E. Shore
Reference: Radiation Research 167(5):606-614. 2007
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/RR0302.1
Keywords : low-dose radiation, cataracts, clean-up workers, Ukraine
Abstract: A cohort of 8,607 Ukrainian Chernobyl clean-up workers during 1986–1987 was formed to study cataract formation after ionizing radiation exposure. Study eligibility required the availability of sufficient exposure information to permit the reconstruction of doses to the lens of the eye. Eligible groups included civilian workers, such as those who built the “sarcophagus” over the reactor, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Workers, and military reservists who were conscripted for clean-up work. Many of the official doses for workers were estimates, because only a minority wore radiation badges. For 106 military workers, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of extracted teeth were compared with the recorded doses as the basis to adjust the recorded γ-ray doses and provide estimates of uncertainties. Beta-particle doses to the lens were estimated with an algorithm devised to take into account the nature and location of Chernobyl work, time since the accident, and protective measures taken. A Monte Carlo routine generated 500 random estimates for each individual from the uncertainty distributions of the γ-ray dose and of the ratio of β-particle to γ-ray doses. The geometric mean of the 500 combined β-particle and γ-ray dose estimates for each individual was used in the data analyses. The median estimated lens dose for the cohort was 123 mGy, while 4.4% received >500 mGy.
The Outcome of Local Radiation Injuries: 14 Years of Follow-up after the Chernobyl Accident
Title: The Outcome of Local Radiation Injuries: 14 Years of Follow-up after the Chernobyl Accident
Author: Petra Gottlöber, Marianne Steinert, Melanie Weiss, Vladimir Bebeshko, David Belyi, Natalia Nadejina, Fritz H. Stefani , Gerard Wagemaker, Theodor M. Fliedner, and Ralf U. Peter
Reference: Radiation Research 155(3):409-416. 2001
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2001)155[0409:TOOLRI]2.0.CO;2
Keywords : radiation sickness, radiation injuries
Abstract: The Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident on April 26, 1986 was the largest in the history of the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Of the 237 individuals initially suspected to have been significantly exposed to radiation during or in the immediate aftermath of the accident, the diagnosis of acute radiation sickness (ARS) could be confirmed in 134 cases on the basis of clinical symptoms. Of these, 54 patients suffered from cutaneous radiation syndrome (CRS) to varying degrees. Among the 28 patients who died from the immediate consequences of accidental radiation exposure, acute hemopoietic syndrome due to bone marrow failure was the primary cause of death only in a minority. In 16 of these 28 deaths, the primary cause was attributed to CRS. This report describes the characteristic cutaneous sequelae as well as associated clinical symptoms and diseases of 15 survivors of the Chernobyl accident with severe localized exposure who were systematically followed up by our groups between 1991 and 2000. All patients presented with CRS of varying severity, showing xerosis, cutaneous telangiectasias and subungual splinter hemorrhages, hemangiomas and lymphangiomas, epidermal atrophy, disseminated keratoses, extensive dermal and subcutaneous fibrosis with partial ulcerations, and pigmentary changes including radiation lentigo. Surprisingly, no cutaneous malignancies have been detected so far in those areas that received large radiation exposures and that developed keratoses; however, two patients first presented in 1999 with basal cell carcinomas on the nape of the neck and the right lower eyelid, areas that received lower exposures. During the follow-up period, two patients were lost due to death from myelodysplastic syndrome in 1995 and acute myelogenous leukemia in 1998, respectively. Other radiation-induced diseases such as dry eye syndrome (3/15), radiation cataract (5/15), xerostomia (4/15) and increased FSH levels (7/15) indicating impaired fertility were also documented. This study, which analyzes 14 years in the clinical course of a cohort of patients with a unique exposure pattern, corroborates the requirement for long-term, if not life-long, follow-up not only in atomic bomb survivors, but also after predominantly local radiation exposure.
Transgenerational accumulation of radiation damage in small mammals chronically exposed to Chernobyl fallout
Title: Transgenerational accumulation of radiation damage in small mammals chronically exposed to Chernobyl fallout
Author: Nadezhda I. Ryabokon, R. I. Goncharova
Reference: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, September 2006, Volume 45, Issue 3, pp 167-177
DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0054-3
Keywords : radiation, accumulation, mammals, Chernobyl fallout
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation has been the analysis of the long-term development of biological damage in natural populations of a model mammalian species, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus, Schreber), which were chronically exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation over 22 animal generations within 10 years following the Chernobyl accident. The time course of the biological end-points (chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells and embryonic lethality) was compared with the time course of the whole-body absorbed dose rate from external and internal exposure in the studied populations inhabiting monitoring sites in Belarus with different ground deposition of radionuclides. The yield of chromosome aberrations and, in lesser degree, embryonic lethality was associated with the radionuclide contamination of the monitoring areas in a dose-dependent manner. As a main feature of the long-term development of biological damage under low dose rate irradiation, permanently elevated levels of chromosome aberrations and an increasing frequency of embryonic lethality have developed over 22 animal generations. This contrasts with the assumption that the biological damage would gradually disappear since in the same period of time the whole-body absorbed dose rate decreased exponentially with a half-value time of about 2.5–3 years. Furthermore, gravid females were captured, and their offspring, born and grown up under contamination-free laboratory conditions, showed the same enhanced level of chromosome aberrations. Therefore the authors suggest that, along with the biological damage attributable to the individual exposure of each animal, the observed cellular and systemic effects reflect the transgenerational transmission and accumulation, via genetic and/or epigenetic pathways, of damage attributable to the chronic low-dose rate exposure of the preceding generations of animals. They also suggest that the level of the accumulated transmissible damage in the investigated populations will decrease in future due to the further recession of the chronic exposure and as a consequence of selection processes.
ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00411-006-0054-3
Genomic instability in chidren born after the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (in vivo and in vitro studies)
Title: Genomic instability in chidren born after the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (in vivo and in vitro studies)
Author: A. V. Aghajanyan, I. I. Suskov
Reference: Russian Journal of Genetics , June 2010, Volume 46, Issue 6, pp 740-749
DOI: 10.1134/S1022795410060153
Keywords :
Abstract: Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in children born after the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the period from 1987 to 2004 (permanent residents of territories contaminated with radionuclides, n = 92; and children of irradiated fathers-liquidators, n = 88) revealed increased levels of aberrant cells (ACs) and aberrations of the chromosomal type as compared to the control (P < 0.05). In three subgroups of children with different initial AC frequencies (children with high AC frequencies, ≥3%; children with medium AC frequencies, 2%; and children with low AC frequencies, ≤1%), the levels of aberrations of the chromosomal type are increased as compared to the control (P < 0.05). The levels of aberrant cells and chromosome aberrations (CAs) in the subgroup of children with ≥3% frequencies significantly differ from those in the subgroup of children with ≤1% AC frequencies. No dependence of the AC and CA frequencies on the year of birth after the Chernobyl accident was revealed. After fractional and single γ-irradiation (137Cs) of blood in vitro in the 10–30 cGy dose range, the average CA frequencies in the first and second mitoses increased in a similar way depending on the initial AC frequencies in the children and parents. All these results suggest an individual character of genomic instability induced by low radiation doses and its transgenerational phenomenon in the organisms of children.
ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1022795410060153
(日本語) チェルノブイリ事故後慢性持続性低線量電離放射線に曝露したウクライナの患者の腎明細胞癌における微小血管密度は高い
Title: Microvessel density is high in clear-cell renal cell carcinomas of Ukrainian patients exposed to chronic persistent low-dose ionizing radiation after the Chernobyl accident
Author: A. M. Romanenko, A. Ruiz-Saurí, L. Morell-Quadreny, G. Valencia, A. F. Vozianov, A. Llombart-Bosch
Reference: Virchows Archiv , June 2012, Volume 460, Issue 6, pp 611-619
DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1243-x
Keywords : Conventional renal cell carcinoma, Ionizing radiation, Angiogenesis, Microvessel density, CD31antibody
Abstract: During the 25-year period subsequent to the Chernobyl accident, the morbidity of malignant renal tumors in Ukraine has increased from 4.7 to 10.7 per 100,000 of the total population. Recent studies of our group have shown that increases in morbidity, aggressiveness, and proliferative activity of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), especially clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), in Ukrainian patients continuously inhabiting the radio-contaminated areas could be explained by specific molecular changes influenced by the so-called “chronic persistent low-dose ionizing radiation” (CPLDIR) exposure. This study aimed to examine the role of angiogenesis in CCRCC carcinogenesis associated with CPLDIR in patients living more than 20 years in cesium 137 (137Cs) contaminated areas after the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine. Paraffin-embedded specimens of 106 CCRCs were studied: Control cases were 18 tumors from Spanish patients (group 1), 25 tumors from Ukrainian patients from so-called clean areas without known radio-contamination (group 2), and 63 tumors from Ukrainian patients from radio-contaminated areas (group 3).
URL：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00428-012-1243-x