タグ「children」
Title: Ultrasonic diagnosis of thyroid pathology in children exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident
Author: Drozd Valentina Mikhailovna
Reference:
doi:
Keywords: thyroid gland, ultrasonic diagnosis, child’s age, screening, dosimetry, morphology of thyroid cancer.
Abstract: 6895 children and adolescents aged 4 to 17 years from contaminated areas of Gomel, Mogilev and Brest region (6383) and control Braslav district of Vitebsk region were studied.
The goal of present investigation was to elaboration of complex program of early detection of thyroid pathology in children and improving, on its basis, of clinical and sonomorphological criteria of topical and nosological diagnostics.
As a result of performed investigation improved method of thyroid sonography has been worked out and introduced into clinical practice. This software method allows to reveal thyroid pathology at an early stage in 50-100% of patients, to form risk groups, to effectively select patients for surgery, to carry out dynamic control of carcinoma and to reveal thyroid cancer recurrences.
During ultrasonic screening of children from Khoiniky region an increased prevalence of different changes of thyroid ultrasonic picture including thyroid cancer was revealed compared to control region.
A significant increase in thyroid hyperplasia, changes of thyroid ultrasonic pictures, characteristic of endemic areas were found during repeated screening.
Peculiarities of ultrasonic picture in main forms of thyroid pathology in children were revealed and described. According to ultrasonic data nodular and diffuse forms of thyroid cancer were classified, one of the possible reasons for relatively high incidence of extrathyroid spread of thyroid cancer could be both aggressive behaviour of tumour and its close to capsule location.
Practical recommendations for early diagnosis and adequate follow-up of patients with thyroid pathology have been worked out.
http://medical-diss.com/medicina/ultrazvukovaya-diagnostika-patologii-schitovidnoy-zhelezy-u-detey-podvergshihsya-radiatsionnomu-vozdeystviyu-v-rezultate–
Title: Thyroid cancer In children and adolescents In Ukraine and Its morphological characteristics following the Chornobyl accident.
Author: Bogdanova Т. I.
Reference: Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Biological Science; speciality 14.01.14 – biological endocrinology; V.P.Komlssa-renko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kylv. 1996.
Abstract: Forty scientific papers containing the data on dynamics of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents in Ukraine following the Chernobyl accident. Its morphological (light and electromlcroscoplc. lmmunohlstochemlcal) characteristics are defended. A significant Increase In the thyroid cancer Incidence In children has been observed since 1990, particularly in the most contaminated areas. A solld-folllcular variant of papillary carcinoma was Identified as the most specific for post-Chernobyl cancers In children and adolescents. These tumours are characterised by highly Invasive properties, pronounced Immunoposltlve reaction to various oncogenes and growth factors which cause their aggressive biological behavior, with high incidence of regional and distant metastases. An increase In relative risk of the development of this variant of papillary carcinoma in children has been revealed, this depending upon the thyroid radiation dose during the Chernobyl accident, which proves the radiation genesis of the tumours studied.
http://medical-diss.com/medicina/rak-schitovidnoy-zhelezy-u-detey-i-podrostkov-ukrainy-i-ego-morfologicheskaya-harakteristika-posle-avarii-na-chernobylsko
Title: Estimating thyroid masses for children, infants, and fetuses in Ukraine exposed to (131)I from the Chernobyl accident.
Author: Likhtarov I, Kovgan L, Masiuk S, Chepurny M, Ivanova O, Gerasymenko V, Boyko Z, Voillequé P, Antipkin Y, Lutsenko S, Oleynik V, Kravchenko V, Tronko M. Ukrainian Radiation Protection Institute
Reference: Health Phys. 2013 Jan;104(1):78-86.
doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e31826e188e.
Keywords: children,
Abstract: For the purpose of improving retrospective internal thyroid dose estimations for children and adolescents following the Chernobyl accident, age- and gender-dependent thyroid masses have been estimated for the children of Kiev and Zhytomyr oblasts, which are two of the most contaminated regions of Northern Ukraine. For children ages 6-16 y, the thyroid masses were based on the measurements by ultrasound of the thyroid volumes of about 60,000 children performed by the Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation in the 1990s. For children aged 0 to 36 mo, because thyroid mass values for Ukrainian children were not found in the literature, autopsies were performed for the specific purpose of this paper. Thyroid mass values for children aged 3-5 and 17-18 y were either interpolated or extrapolated from the measured data sets. The results for children aged 6-16 y indicate that the thyroid masses of rural children are, on average, slightly higher (by about 8%) than the thyroid masses of urban children. The geometric means of the thyroid masses were estimated as 5.2 g, 9.0 g, and 15.8 g for boys and 5.2 g, 9.4 g, and 16.0 g for girls aged 5, 10, and 15 y, respectively. Those values are greater than the reference values that ICRP recommends for iodine-sufficient populations, thus reflecting the fact that the northern part of Ukraine is iodine-deficient.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23192090
Title: Pediatric thyroid cancer after the Chernobyl disaster. Pathomorphologic study of 84 cases (1991-1992) from the Republic of Belarus.
Author: Nikiforov Y, Gnepp DR.
Reference: Cancer. 1994 Jul 15;74(2):748-66.
doi:
Keywords:
Abstract: Post-Chernobyl pediatric thyroid carcinoma is characterized by a short latency, a higher proportion of tumors arising in young children, and an almost equal sex ratio. Microscopically, these tumors were usually aggressive, often demonstrating intraglandular tumor dissemination (92%), thyroid capsular and adjacent soft tissue invasion (89%), and cervical lymph node metastases (88%). Papillary carcinoma was diagnosed in 99% of cases, with an unusually high frequency of solid growth patterns. Morphologic changes in nonneoplastic thyroid tissue were present in 90% of the glands, and the most specific findings were vascular changes and perifollicular fibrosis.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8033057
Title: INDIVIDUAL THYROID DOSE ESTIMATION FOR A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF CHERNOBYL-RELATED THYROID CANCER AMONG CHILDREN OF BELARUS-PART I: 131I, SHORT-LIVED RADIOIODINES (132I, 133I, 135I), AND SHORT-LIVED RADIOTELLURIUMS (131MTe AND 132Te)
Author: Gavrilin, Yuri*; Khrouch, Valeri*; Shinkarev, Sergey*; Drozdovitch, Vladimir†; Minenko, Victor‡; Shemiakina, Elena§; Ulanovsky, Alexander§; Bouville, André**; Anspaugh, Lynn††; Voillequé, Paul‡‡; Luckyanov, Nickolas**
Reference: Health Phys. 86, 565-585 (2004)
Keywords: Chernobyl, thyroid, cancer, children
Abstract: Large amounts of radioiodines were released into the atmosphere during the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on 26 April 1986. In order to investigate whether the thyroid cancers observed among children in Belarus could have been caused by radiation exposures from the Chernobyl accident, a team of Belarusian, Russian, and American scientists conducted a case-control study to compare cases and controls according to estimated thyroid dose. The primary purpose of this paper is to present detailed information on the estimated thyroid doses, due to intakes of 131I, that were used in the case-control study. The range of the 131I thyroid doses among the 107 cases and the 214 controls was found to extend from 0.00002 to 4.3 Gy, with medians of approximately 0.2 Gy for the cases and 0.07 Gy for the controls. In addition, the thyroid doses resulting from the intakes of short-lived radioiodines (132I, 133I, and 135I) and radiotelluriums (131mTe and 132Te) were estimated and compared to the doses from 131I. The ratios of the estimated thyroid doses from the short-lived radionuclides and from 131I for the cases and the controls range from 0.003 to 0.1, with median values of approximately 0.02 for both cases and controls.
URL: http://journals.lww.com/health-physics/Abstract/2004/06000/INDIVIDUAL_THYROID_DOSE_ESTIMATION_FOR_A.2.aspx
Title: Genomic damage in children accidentally exposed to ionizing radiation: A review of the literature
Author: Fucic, A. / Brunborg, G. / Lasan, R. / Jezek, D. / Knudsen, L.E. / Merlo, D.F.
Reference: Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 658 (1-2), p.111-123, Jan 2008
doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.11.003
Keywords: Child; Ionizing radiation; Environment; Chromosome aberration assay; Micronucleus assay; Chernobyl
Abstract: During the last decade, our knowledge of the mechanisms by which children respond to exposures to physical and chemical agents present in the environment, has significantly increased. Results of recent projects and programmes focused on children’s health underline a specific vulnerability of children to environmental genotoxicants. Environmental research on children predominantly investigates the health effects of air pollution while effects from radiation exposure deserve more attention. The main sources of knowledge on genome damage of children exposed to radiation are studies performed after the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident in 1986. The present review presents and discusses data collected from papers analyzing genome damage in children environmentally exposed to ionizing radiation. Overall, the evidence from the studies conducted following the Chernobyl accident, nuclear tests, environmental radiation pollution and indoor accidental contamination reveals consistently increased chromosome aberration and micronuclei frequency in exposed than in referent children.
Future research in this area should be focused on studies providing information on: (a) effects on children caused by low doses of radiation; (b) effects on children from combined exposure to low doses of radiation and chemical agents from food, water and air; and (c) specific effects from exposure during early childhood (radioisotopes from water, radon in homes). Special consideration should also be given to a possible impact of a radiochemical environment to the development of an adaptive response for genomic damage. Interactive databases should be developed to provide integration of cytogenetic data, childhood cancer registry data and information on environmental contamination. The overall aim is to introduce timely and efficient preventive measures, by means of a better knowledge of the early and delayed health effects in children resulting from radiation exposure.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383574207000634
Title: Incidence of childhood disease in Belarus associated with the Chernobyl accident.
Author: Lomat L, Galburt G, Quastel MR, Polyakov S, Okeanov A, Rozin S
Reference: . 1997. Environ Health Perspect 105 Suppl 6:1529-32.
Keywords:children, Belarus
Abstract: Study of the childhood incidence of cancer and other diseases in Belarus is of great importance because of the present unfavorable environmental situation. About 20% of the children in the republic were exposed in various degrees to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident. Since 1987 increases in the incidence of most classes of disease have been reported, including the development of thyroid cancer. From 1987 to 1995, thyroid cancer was diagnosed in 424 children; its incidence having increased from 0.2 to 4.0/10(5) in 1995. According to preliminary data for 1996, 81 childhood cancer cases were reported. During 1995 there also were increases in the incidence of endocrine and dermatologic diseases and mental disorders. During the period 1987 to 1995 significant increases in the incidences of all illnesses were observed for children listed in the Chernobyl registry. The highest incidence rates were found in evacuated children and those residing in contaminated areas. There also were increased incidences of thyroid and digestive organ diseases among these children and in addition, high prevalence of chronic tonsillitis and adenoiditis was observed. Since 1990 an increase of autoimmune thyroiditis has been observed. The highest rates of hematopoietic tissue diseases were found in children born after the accident to irradiated parents.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9467077
Title: . Iodine deficiency in Belarusian children as a possible factor stimulating the irradiation of the thyroid gland during the Chernobyl catastrophe.
Author: Gembicki M, Stozharov AN, Arinchin AN, Moschik KV, Petrenko S, Khmara IM, Baverstock KF.
Reference: 1997 Environ Health Perspect 105 Suppl 6:1487-90.
Keywords:children, Belarus
Abstract: Ten years after the Chernobyl nuclear plant catastrophe more than 500 children in Belarus are suffering from thyroid cancer. The major cause of the high incidence of thyroid cancer in children under 15 years of age appears to be contamination resulting from that catastrophe, mainly with isotopes of radioactive iodine. Another important factor may be iodine deficiency in the environment. A countrywide program for investigation of goiter prevalence and iodine deficiency has been established in the Republic of Belarus with the assistance of the European World Health Organization office. The program will oversee the examination of 11,000 children and adolescents 6 to 18 years of age from 30 schools in urban and rural areas. The results obtained in a group of 824 children and adolescents (the pilot phase) are typical for significant iodine deficiency and moderate goiter endemism. It is clear that the present situation does not completely reflect the situation that existed at the time of the Chernobyl catastrophe. However, data from epidemiologic studies conducted many years before the accident showed high goiter prevalence in the contaminated areas, indicating that the prevalence of iodine deficiency at the time of the catastrophe was similar to the present one or even greater. Such an assumption could lead to a better understanding of the thyroid pathologies that have been observed.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9467069
Title: Chernobyl-related thyroid cancer in children of Belarus: a case-control study.
Author: Astakhova LN, Anspaugh LR, Beebe GW, Bouville A, Drozdovitch VV, Garber V, Gavrilin YI, Khrouch VT, Kuvshinnikov AV, Kuzmenkov YN, Minenko VP, Moschik KV, Nalivko AS, Robbins J, Shemiakina EV, Shinkarev S, Tochitskaya SI, Waclawiw MA.
Reference: Radiat Res 150:349-56. Research Institute of Radiation Medicine, Ministry of Health, Minsk, Belarus.
Keywords: children , Belarus
Abstract: The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986, released approximately 2 EBq of 131I and other radioiodine isotopes that heavily contaminated southern Belarus. An increase in thyroid cancer reported in 1992 and attributed to the Chernobyl accident was challenged as possibly the result of intensive screening. We began a case-control study to test the hypothesis that the Chernobyl accident caused the increase in thyroid cancer. Records of childhood thyroid cancer in the national therapy centers in Minsk in 1992 yielded 107 individuals with confirmed pathology diagnoses and available for interview. Pathways to diagnosis were (1) routine endocrinological screening in 63, (2) presentation with enlarged or nodular thyroid in 25 and (3) an incidental finding in 19. Two sets of controls were chosen, one matched on pathway to diagnosis, the other representing the area of heavy fallout, both matched on age, sex and rural/urban residence in 1986. The 131I dose to the thyroid was estimated from ground deposition of 137Cs, ground deposition of 131I, a data bank of 1986 thyroid radiation measurements, questionnaires and interviews. Highly significant differences were observed between cases and controls (both sets) with respect to dose. The differences persisted within pathway to diagnosis, gender, age and year of diagnosis, and level of iodine in the soil, and were most marked in the southern portion of the Gomel region. The case-control comparisons indicate a strong relationship between thyroid cancer and estimated radiation dose from the Chernobyl accident.
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9728663
Title: Dynamics of thyroid cancer incidence in Russia following the Chernobyl accident: eco-epidemiological analysis Medical Radiological Research Center of RAMS, Obninsk
Author: Ivanov V.K., Tsyb A.F., Gorsky A.I., Maksioutov M.A.
Reference: SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES [PDF-172K]Apr 2001
Keywords:
Abstract: The paper presents the analysis of thyroid cancer incidence in the territories of Russia that were most contaminated after the Chernobyl accident. Incidence data in the Bryansk, Kaluga, Orel and Tula regions (5,298 thousand persons) are used. Information on incidence has been obtained from regional oncological dispensaries (state health institutions involved in diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms). Altogether, 2,599 cases of thyroid cancer are considered from 1982 to 1995. Of them, 62 cases were among children and adolescents and 143 among the population who were children and adolescents at the time of the accident in 1986. The study is performed for both sexes. The study compares the distribution of thyroid cancer cases by age at diagnosis and age at exposure. It has been shown that since 1991 the age structure of the incidence has changed significantly with the growing proportion of cases among children and adolescents. The change in the structure occurred due to the radiation factor, specifically as a result of exposure of thyroid to incorporated 131I. A dependence of risk of cancer on age at exposure has been derived. For children of 0-4 years at exposure the risk of induction of radiogenic thyroid cancer is 6-10 times higher than in adults. On the average, the risk co-efficient in children and adolescents at the time of exposure is about 3 times higher than that in adults. The analysis of time trend in thyroid cancer incidence has shown that the incidence rate observed in the period from 1991 to 1995 in the age groups up to 25 years is expected to be maintained in the near future.
URL: http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/radiation/rr11-12/chapter1.pdf
