タグ「Aerosols」
Author: Ogorodnikov B.I., Budyka A.K., Pazukhin É.M., Krasnov V.A.
Reference: Gazette “ АТОМНАЯ ЭНЕРГИЯ “ (atomic energy), 2006
ISSN: 1063-4258
DOI: 10.1007/s10512-006-0081-9
Keywords: disperse aerosol, contamination, 137cs, 134cs, 141, 144ce, 95zr
Abstract: The results of measurements of the volume activity and dispersity of aerosol carriers of β-emitting radionuclides during the acute phase of the accident and 20 years later are presented. It is determined that in August–October 1986, when samples were taken 10–50 m from the surface of the destroyed reactor, the concentration was about 1 kBq/m3, which is 100–1000 times higher than the value recorded in July–August of the same year from an aircraft flying at altitudes 200–1000 m. Thus, already in mid-summer 1986, because of the decrease in temperature, the aerosol emissions did not reach the survey altitude of the aircraft. Therefore, the sampling performed from the aircraft did not permit a quantitative assessment of the emissions of radioactive materials during this period of time. In 2003–2005, the total β activity was 10–100 times less than in fall 1986, because of the radioactive decay of 95Zr, 95Nb, 103,106Ru, 134Cs, 141,144Ce, and other radionuclides. Since the 137Cs concentration decreased negligibly, it seems that the roof constructed in 1986 above the Shelter was of little use.
URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10512-006-0081-9#
Author: Ogorodnikov B.I.
Reference: Gazette “МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЯ И ГИДРОЛОГИЯ“ (RUSSIAN METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY), 2011
ISSN: 0130-2906
DOI: 10.3103/S106837391109007X
Keywords: meteorology, hydrology, dust, storm
Abstract: Observation of meteorological situation during a dust storm, investigated between 5th and 7th September 1992, in fields in Ukraine and Belarus affected by the Chernobyl accident. The maximum of average wind speed at Chernobyl and Pripyat was 10-12 m / s, gusts reached 20 m / s. The concentration of radioactive aerosols in the Chernobyl exclusion zone was increased by one to two orders of magnitude. Transfer of radioactive dust particles was registered in the vicinity of Vilnius.
URL: http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18008883
Author: V.G. Volkov, L.I. Bykovskaya, G.G. Gorodetsky, Yu.A. Zverkov etc.
Reference: Doza, Moskva, 2004
ISSN: 2075-1338
Keywords: rehabilitation of objects and the land of the contaminated area
Abstract:
URL: http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9427471
Title: Fractal fluctuation of aerosol concentration near Chernobyl
Author: Y. Hatano, N. Hatano
Reference: Atmospheric Environment, Volume 31, Issue 15, August 1997, Pages 2297-2303
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00017-4
Keywords: Aerosol; Chernobyl; fluctuation; fractal; correlation; theoretical model; diffusion
Abstract: We present a simple model of aerosol migration with fractal, or self-similar fluctuation of wind speed. The purpose of the study is to explain fractal fluctuation of airborne radionuclide concentration which was measured daily near Chernobyl by Garger et al. Our theoretical prediction on the concentration fluctuation agrees with the measured data remarkably. We also predict that the mean concentration decreases in time as , where λ denotes the sum of constants of the first-order kinetics, such as the radioactive decay rate and the chemical reaction rate. It is suggested that the characteristics of fluctuation appearing in our model are universal for large-scale atmospheric pollution.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231097000174
Title: Reconstruction of radioactive plume characteristics along Chernobyl’s Western Trace
Author: Ronald K. Chesser, Mikhail Bondarkov, Robert J. Baker, Jeffrey K. Wickliffe, Brenda E. Rodgers
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 71, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 147-157
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00165-6
Keywords: Chernobyl; Radioactivity; Fallout; Dispersion; Aerosol
Abstract: Using data obtained from 435 radiation sampling stations in the Red Forest, 1.5 km W of the Chernobyl Nuclear Complex, we reconstructed the deposition pathway of the first plume released by the accident, Chernobyl’s Western Trace. The dimensions and deposition rates of the plume remain sharply defined 15 years after the accident. Assuming a uniform particle distribution within the original cloud, we derived estimates of plume dimensions by applying geometric transformations to the coordinates at each sample point. Our derived estimates for the radioactive cloud accounted for 87% of the variation of radioactivity in this region. Results show a highly integrated bell-shaped cross-section of the cloud of radiation, approximately 660 m wide and 290 m high, traveling at a bearing of 264° from reactor IV. Particle sizes within Chernobyl’s Western Trace were within the most dangerous range for inhaled aerosols (2–5 μm). Therefore, reconstruction of the dispersion of such particles is critical for understanding the aftermath of nuclear and biological aerosol releases.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X03001656
Title: Seasonal 7Be and 137Cs activities in surface air before and after the Chernobyl event
Author: A. Kulan
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 90, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 140-150
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.06.010
Keywords: 7Be; 137Cs; Atmosphere; Aerosols; Chernobyl fallout; Nuclear weapons fallout; Sweden; Europe
Abstract: Seasonal fluctuations of cosmogenic 7Be (T1/2 = 53.4 days) and anthropogenic 137Cs (T1/2 = 30 years) activities in surface air (aerosols) have been extracted from a long data record (1972–2000) at high latitude (56°N–68°N, Sweden). Normalization to weekly average values was used to control long-term trends so that cyclical trends could be investigated. Enhanced 7Be activity was observed in spring and summer seasons and likely relates to the seasonal thinning of the tropopause. Variations in the 137Cs activity record seem to reflect how the isotope was injected in the atmosphere (stratospheric from bomb tests and tropospheric from the Chernobyl accident) and subsequent transport mechanisms. Accordingly, until 1986, the surface air 137Cs activity was strongly related to nuclear weapons test fallout and exhibits temporal fluctuations resembling the 7Be. Conversely, since 1986 the Chernobyl-produced 137Cs dominates the long-term record that shows annual cycles that are strongly controlled by atmospheric boundary layer conditions. Additionally, short-term data within the post-Chernobyl period suggest subtle intrusion of air masses rich in 137Cs that may occur throughout the year, and differences resulting from spatial occurrence at these latitudes. This is an important observation that may have to do with year-to-year variation and calls for caution when interpreting short-term data records.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X06001032
Title: Seasonal 7 Be and 137 Cs activities in surface air before and after the Chernobyl event
Author: Kulan, A.
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 90 (2), p.140-150, Jan 2006
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.06.010
Keywords: 7Be; 137Cs; Atmosphere; Aerosols; Chernobyl fallout; Nuclear weapons fallout; Sweden; Europe
Abstract: Seasonal fluctuations of cosmogenic 7Be (T1/2 = 53.4 days) and anthropogenic 137Cs (T1/2 = 30 years) activities in surface air (aerosols) have been extracted from a long data record (1972–2000) at high latitude (56°N–68°N, Sweden). Normalization to weekly average values was used to control long-term trends so that cyclical trends could be investigated. Enhanced 7Be activity was observed in spring and summer seasons and likely relates to the seasonal thinning of the tropopause. Variations in the 137Cs activity record seem to reflect how the isotope was injected in the atmosphere (stratospheric from bomb tests and tropospheric from the Chernobyl accident) and subsequent transport mechanisms. Accordingly, until 1986, the surface air 137Cs activity was strongly related to nuclear weapons test fallout and exhibits temporal fluctuations resembling the 7Be. Conversely, since 1986 the Chernobyl-produced 137Cs dominates the long-term record that shows annual cycles that are strongly controlled by atmospheric boundary layer conditions. Additionally, short-term data within the post-Chernobyl period suggest subtle intrusion of air masses rich in 137Cs that may occur throughout the year, and differences resulting from spatial occurrence at these latitudes. This is an important observation that may have to do with year-to-year variation and calls for caution when interpreting short-term data records.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X06001032
Title: Retrospective measurements of airborne 12 9 Iodine in Austria
Author: Jabbar, Tania / Wallner, Gabriele / Steier, Peter / Katzlberger, Christian / Kandler, Norbert
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 112, p.90-95, Oct 2012
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.05.010
Keywords: Iodine-129; Aerosols; AMS; Historical data; Inhalation dose; Austria
Abstract: …1960’s (and by the Chernobyl accident in 1986) were overwhelmed…the degree to which the thyroid of individuals is saturated…concentration of radioiodine in the thyroid gland significantly increases the risk of thyroid cancer development. To determine radiological…
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X12001245
