タグ「Chernobyl fallout」
Title: Transgenerational accumulation of radiation damage in small mammals chronically exposed to Chernobyl fallout
Author: Nadezhda I. Ryabokon, R. I. Goncharova
Reference: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, September 2006, Volume 45, Issue 3, pp 167-177
DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0054-3
Keywords : radiation, accumulation, mammals, Chernobyl fallout
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation has been the analysis of the long-term development of biological damage in natural populations of a model mammalian species, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus, Schreber), which were chronically exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation over 22 animal generations within 10 years following the Chernobyl accident. The time course of the biological end-points (chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells and embryonic lethality) was compared with the time course of the whole-body absorbed dose rate from external and internal exposure in the studied populations inhabiting monitoring sites in Belarus with different ground deposition of radionuclides. The yield of chromosome aberrations and, in lesser degree, embryonic lethality was associated with the radionuclide contamination of the monitoring areas in a dose-dependent manner. As a main feature of the long-term development of biological damage under low dose rate irradiation, permanently elevated levels of chromosome aberrations and an increasing frequency of embryonic lethality have developed over 22 animal generations. This contrasts with the assumption that the biological damage would gradually disappear since in the same period of time the whole-body absorbed dose rate decreased exponentially with a half-value time of about 2.5–3 years. Furthermore, gravid females were captured, and their offspring, born and grown up under contamination-free laboratory conditions, showed the same enhanced level of chromosome aberrations. Therefore the authors suggest that, along with the biological damage attributable to the individual exposure of each animal, the observed cellular and systemic effects reflect the transgenerational transmission and accumulation, via genetic and/or epigenetic pathways, of damage attributable to the chronic low-dose rate exposure of the preceding generations of animals. They also suggest that the level of the accumulated transmissible damage in the investigated populations will decrease in future due to the further recession of the chronic exposure and as a consequence of selection processes.
ＵＲＬ：http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00411-006-0054-3
Title: A study of the staff, working in the Chernobyl zone, and residents of Slavutych (Ukraine) to identify the effects of radiation exposure from the Chernobyl fallout
Author: Brenda J. Rogers and Laura K. Baker
Reference: Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University
Keywords:
Abstract: In October 1999, a research of the following four groups was conducted: 1) the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident (which were directly involved in the work on decontamination), 2) Ukrainian scientists who conducted research in the 30-km exclusion zone, and 3) U.S. scientists who worked in the exclusion zone, and 4) residents of Slavutich (Ukraine), who weren’t affected due to their profession from the Chernobyl fallout.
ＵＲＬ：http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/chornobyl/rus_radiation_workers.htm
Title: The effect on lymphocyte chromosomes of additional radiation burden due to fallout in Salzburg (Austria) from the Chernobyl accident
Author: J. Pohl-Rüling, O. Haas, A. Brogger, G. Obe, H. Lettner, F. Daschil, C. Atzmüller, D. Lloyd, R. Kubiak, A.T. Natarajan
Reference: Mutation Research Letters, Volume 262, Issue 3, March 1991, Pages 209–217
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(91)90024-X
Keywords: Chromosome aberration; Chernobyl fallout; Radiation burden
Abstract: An investigation has been carried out to determine whether chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes reflect the elevated environmental dose of low-LET ionising radiation, mainly due to radiocesium from Chernobyl fallout, to the population living in Salzburg city. Sixteen volunteers were sampled 1 year after the Chernobyl accident. Two of these persons were also sampled before the accident, and then in 1988 and 1990. The radioactive environment of Salzburg city and the radiation burden of its inhabitants have been frequently determined before and after the accident. The Cs-137 content of the volunteers was measured by whole-body counting.
ＵＲＬ：http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016579929190024X
Title: Chromosome analysis of peripheral lymphocytes from persons exposed to radioactive fallout in Norway from the Chernobyl accident
Author: A. Brøgger, J.B. Reitan, P. Strand, I. Amundsen
Reference: Mutation Research 361 (1996) 73-79
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1161(96)90241-1
Keywords: Chromosome aberration; Chernobyl fallout; Radiation burden; Norwegian population
Abstract: Chromosome analysis of peripheral lymphocytes from two Norwegian populations (44 reindeer herding South samis from Røros and Snåsa, 12 sheep farmers from Valdres) exposed to fallout from the Chernobyl accident were made. The doses from caesium through the years 1987–1991 were calculated based on whole-body measurement of 134Cs and 137Cs giving a total cumulative mean internal dose of 5.54 mSv for the total group of 56 persons. Chromosome aberrations were within the normal range when compared with historical controls with the exception of dicentrics (0.3% per cell, which is a 10-fold increase) and rings (0.07% per cell). A dose-dependent increase in dicentrics and rings based on caesium exposure was not observed.
ＵＲＬ： http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165116196902411
Title: Effects of Fallout from the Chernobyl Reactor Accident and its Estimates in Water of Japan Radiation Doses
Author: Tomoko BITO
Reference: Japanese Journal of Water Treatment Biology, Vol. 24 (1988) No. 1 P 84-90
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.24.84
ＵＲＬ：https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jswtb1964/24/1/24_1_84/_article
Title: Chernobyl fallout and perinatal mortality in England and Wales
Author: Graham Bentham
Reference: Environ Res. 1994 Nov;67(2):149–159
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90324-6
Keywords: Chernobyl fallout, perinatal mortality, England, Wales
Abstract: Previous studies have concluded that radioactive fallout from Chernobyl may have caused an increase in perinatal mortality in West Germany and the U.S.A. The existence of marked geographical variations in contamination from Chernobyl in England and Wales provides an opportunity to investigate this question further by means of a geographical study. The highest doses from Chernobyl in England and Wales were in the counties of Cumbria, Clwyd and Gwynedd where there was heavy rainfall during the passage of the radioactive cloud. However, perinatal mortality in these areas did not rise relative to the national average in the year following Chernobyl. This negative finding was confirmed by a wider study of 14 counties grouped in accordance with levels of radioactive contamination of local milk. It is concluded that this study provides no evidence that radiation from Chernobyl caused a rise in perinatal mortality in England and Wales.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0277953691903246
Title: Distribution of pre- and post-Chernobyl radiocaesium with particle size fractions of soils
Author: Pasquale Spezzano
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 83, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 117-127
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.02.002
Keywords: Chernobyl fallout; Weapons fallout; Soil; Radiocaesium; Particle size distribution
Abstract: The association of radiocaesium with particle size fractions separated by sieving and settling from soils sampled eight years after the Chernobyl accident has been determined. The three size fractions were: 63 μm. 137Cs in the soil samples was associated essentially with the finer size fractions, which generally showed specific activities 3–5 times higher than the bulk samples.
Activity ratios of 134Cs/137Cs in the clay-sized fractions appear to be lower with respect to the corresponding values in bulk soil samples. This result indicates that some differences still exists in the particle size distribution between 137Cs originating from nuclear weapons, which has been in the soil for decades after fallout, and 137Cs coming from the Chernobyl accident, eight years after the deposition event. This behaviour could be related to “ageing” processes of radiocaesium in soils.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X05000548
Title: Resuspension of coarse fuel hot particles in the Chernobyl area
Author: Florian Wagenpfeil, Jochen Tschiersch
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 52, Issue 1, January 2001, Pages 5-16
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(00)00081-3
Keywords: Resuspension; Chernobyl fallout; Hot particles; Aerosol sampler; Digital autoradiography
Abstract: Measurements of resuspended aerosol in the Chernobyl 30-km exclusion zone have shown coarse fuel hot particles in the activity range 1–12 Bq per particle. The particles were sampled with newly designed rotating arm impactors which simultaneously collect during the same experiment three samples with fuel particles in the size ranges larger than 3 μm, larger than 6 μm and larger than 9 μm in geometric diameter. The radionuclide ratios, determined after γ-spectrometry, were in good agreement with the theoretical calculations for the radionuclide-composition of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant at the moment of the accident and the measured hot particles in soil in the early years after the accident. The number concentrations of airborne hot particles were derived from digital autoradiography. For wind resuspension, maximal concentrations of 2.6 coarse hot particles per 1000 m3 and during agricultural activities 36 coarse hot particles per 1000 m3 were measured. The geometric diameter of single hot particles was estimated to be between 6 and 12 μm.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X00000813
Title: An assessment of cumulative external doses from Chernobyl fallout for a forested area in Russia using the optically stimulated luminescence from quartz inclusions in bricks
Author: V. Ramzaev, L. Bøtter-Jensen, K.J. Thomsen, K.G. Andersson, A.S. Murray
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 99, Issue 7, July 2008, Pages 1154-1164
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.01.014
Keywords: Chernobyl fallout; Forest; Cumulative dose; Fired quartz; Red clay brick; Optically stimulated luminescence
Abstract: Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) has been used for estimation of the accumulated doses in quartz inclusions obtained from two fired bricks, extracted in July 2004 from a building located in the forested surroundings of the recreational area Novie Bobovichi, the Bryansk Region, Russia. The area was significantly contaminated by Chernobyl fallout with initial 137Cs ground deposition level of ∼1.1 MBq m−2. The accumulated OSL doses in sections of the bricks varied from 141 to 207 mGy, of which between 76 and 146 mGy are attributable to Chernobyl fallout. Using the OSL depth-dose profiles obtained from the exposed bricks and the results from a γ-ray-survey of the area, the Chernobyl-related cumulative γ-ray dose for a point detector located in free air at a height of 1 m above the ground in the study area was estimated to be ca. 240 mGy for the time period starting on 27 April 1986 and ending on 31 July 2004. This result is in good agreement with the result of deterministic modelling of the cumulative γ-ray dose in free air above undisturbed ground from the Chernobyl source in the Bryansk Region. Over the same time period, the external Chernobyl-related dose via forest pathway for the most exposed individuals (e.g., forest workers) is estimated to be ∼39 mSv. Prognosis for the external exposure from 1986 to 2056 is presented and compared with the predictions given by other investigators of the region.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X08000179
Title: Calculations of the deposition of 137Cs from nuclear bomb tests and from the Chernobyl accident over the province of Skåne in the southern part of Sweden based on precipitation
Author: Mats Isaksson, Bengt Erlandsson, Maj-Lena Linderson
Reference: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 49, Issue 1, May 2000, Pages 97-112
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(99)00101-0
Keywords: Deposition; Precipitation; Radiocalsium; ; Global fallout; Chernobyl fallout
Abstract: The deposition of over the province of Skåne (an area of about 100×100 km2) in the southern part of Sweden has been investigated. The origin of the deposition of is, in about equal parts, from nuclear weapons tests and from the Chernobyl nuclear accident and amounts to about 1–3 kBq/m2. The activity concentrations of and in soil samples from 16 sites distributed in a grid pattern over the investigated area have been measured and the depositions from the nuclear weapons tests and from the Chernobyl accident have been separated. These pre- and post-Chernobyl activities have been compared with depositions calculated from measurements of the activity concentrations of and in precipitation at two places and from measurements of the precipitation from a network of between 113 and 143 precipitation stations. Comparisons with in situ measurements and with aerial survey measurements have also been made. The agreement is good gain and it has been possible to gain a good and detailed knowledge in retrospect of the deposition from measurements of the deposition per mm of precipitation from just a few stations, and of the precipitation from a network of stations.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X99001010
