Title: Thyroid and antithyroid drugs
Author: Bouillon, R.
Reference: Side Effects of Drugs Annual, 13, p.375-380, Jan 1989
doi: 10.1016/S0378-6080(89)80048-0
Keywords:
Abstract: The adjustment of the thyroxine replacement dosage has been debated for several years. The minimum dose can be defined as the amount that normalizes serum TSH, and the maximum dose as the amount that increases serum T3 to the supranormal range. The chapter talks about the studies on effects of administering thyroid drugs and notes that the ultimate evaluation of such therapy awaits, however, better randomized prospective studies instead of the present retrospective analysis. It also cites studies on antithyroid drugs and notes that classical antithyroid drugs, however, by their effect on inhibiting the new synthesis, but not the secretion of existing hormones, only normalize thyroid hormone concentrations after one to several weeks. The chapter also mentions some side effects like agranulocytosis and polymyositis. There is also a discussion about some studies on Antithyroid drugs, pregnancy, and skin defects. Iodine and the iodides have also been explained.
…used for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma can increase the…1311 because of metastatic thyroid carcinoma (27c). Testicular…Exposure to 131I after the Chernobyl inci- dent in travellers returning from Eastern Thyroid and antithyroid drugs Chapter…
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378608089800480
Title: Concerns With Low-Level Ionizing Radiation * * Based on a Grand Rounds presentation at the Mayo Clinic on Sept. 16, 1992.
Author: YALOW, ROSALYN S.
Reference: Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 69 (5), p.436-440, May 1994
doi: 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)61639-5
Keywords: LET, linear energy transfer
Abstract: Studies of populations in geographic areas of increased cosmic radiation and high natural background radiation, radiation-exposed workers, patients with medical exposure to radioactivity, and accidental exposure are reviewed.
…of radiation-induced thyroid nodules is higher than the risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer. Therefore, as part of the International Chernobyl Project in 1990, data…obtained about the nature of thyroid nodules in the population…
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619612616395
Title: RADIATION RISKS TO HEALTH 1850 Samuel Morse Drive, Reston, VA 20190-5316 P: 703.708.9000 F:…
Reference: A Joint Statement from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Thyroid Association, The Endocrine Society, and the Society of Nuclear Medicine [PDF-30K]Mar 2011
Keywords:
Abstract: The recent nuclear reactor accident in Japan due to the earthquake and tsunami has raised fears of radiation exposure to populations in North America from the potential plume of radioactivity crossing the Pacific Ocean. The principal radiation source of concern is radioactive iodine including iodine-131, a radioactive isotope that presents a special risk to health because iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and exposure of the thyroid to high levels of radioactive iodine may lead to development of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer years later. During the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident in 1986, people in the surrounding region were exposed to radioactive iodine principally from intake of food and milk from contaminated farmlands. As demonstrated by the Chernobyl experience, pregnant women, fetuses, infants and children are at the highest risk for developing thyroid cancer whereas adults over age 20 are at negligible risk.
URL: http://www.snm.org/docs/hpra/Radiation_Risk_Joint_Statement_FINAL_Letterhead.pdf
Title: Facts and Controversies About Radiation Exposure, Part 1: Controlling Unnecessary Radiation Exposures
Author: Strzelczyk, Jadwiga (Jodi) / Damilakis, John / Marx, M. Victoria / Macura, Katarzyna J.
Reference: Journal of the American College of Radiology, 3 (12), p.924-931, Dec 2006
doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2006.07.009
Keywords: Radiation exposure; radiation protection; stochastic effects of radiation; deterministic effects of radiation; radiation biology; radiation epidemiology ,The Chernobyl Legacy
Abstract: In this 2-part article, the authors address the need to put in perspective the risks of radiation exposure in the rapidly changing field of radiology, considering the current state of knowledge of effects at low levels. The article is based on the content of the refresher course RC 516 presented at the Radiological Society of North America’s 2005 annual meeting. After a brief review of epidemiologic studies, part 1 contains a discussion of typical radiation doses experienced in medicine, by both patients and professionals, and it concludes with a description of practical approaches to reduce unnecessary exposures. Part 2 of the article addresses a special concern for the unborn and discusses advisory and regulatory cancer risk estimates based mainly on epidemiologic studies. The limitations of epidemiologic studies at low-level exposures and recent new findings in radiobiology, some of which are summarized, challenge the notion that any amount of radiation causes adverse effects.
…consequences of the Chernobyl accident, there…1,800 cases of thyroid cancer in children [ 5…the accident, the Chernobyl Forum, consisting…update document on Chernobyl legacy [ 8 ]. Thyroid cancer in children, linked…
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1546144006003978
Title: Well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid
Author: Boone, Ryan T / Fan, Chun-Yang / Hanna, Ehab Y
Reference: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 36 (1), p.73-90, Feb 2003
doi: 10.1016/S0030-6665(02)00127-5
Keywords: Fine needle aspiration biopsy, Staging, Pathology, Papillary carcinoma, Follicular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma, Treatment, Thyroidectomy, Neck dissection, Adjuvant treatment, Prognosis, Special considerations, Cancer of the thyroid in children, Cancer of the thyroid during pregnancy
Abstract: …family history of thyroid disease or cancer is important in…underlying undiagnosed thyroid disease. A nodule…aftermath of the Chernobyl nuclear accident…duration of the thyroid mass and any associated…patients with thyroid cancer as they usually…
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030666502001275
Title: Leukaemia incidence after iodine-131 exposure
Author: Hall, P. / Lundell, G. / Mattsson, A. / Wiklund, K. / Holm, L.-E. / Lidberg, M. / Boice, J.D., Jr / (…) / Tennvall, J.
Reference: The Lancet, 340 (8810), p.xxviii-4, Jul 1992
doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92421-B
Keywords:leukaemia, iodine-131
Abstract: One reason for the absence of a radiation effect, other than chance, includes the possible lowering of risk when exposure is protracted over time as occurs with 131I. Excess leukaemia risks of more than 25% could thus be excluded with high assurance in this population of mainly adults. These results should be reassuring to patients exposed to 131I in medical practice and to most individuals exposed to the fall-out from the Chernobyl accident.
…hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer. The observed…fall-out from the Chernobyl accident…treated for thyroid cancer, bone-marrow…fall-out from the Chernobyl accident…from National Cancer Insititute…treatment of thyroid carcinoma Br…
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014067369292421B
Title: Summaries of articles in this issue Thyroid cancer in Ukraine after the Chernobyl accident
Author: W F Heidenreich
Reference: Journal of Radiological Protection, 24 (3), Sep 2004
doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/24/3/E01
Keywords:
Abstract: et al (283–293) The rate of incidence of childhood thyroid cancer in northern Ukraine during 1986–98 is described as a function of time-since-exposure, age-at-exposure and sex. After a minimum latent period of about three years, the excess absolute risk (EAR) coefficient (EAR/Gy) shows a linear rise with time-since-exposure for at least nine years, and is roughly constant with ageat- exposure up to 15 years. The EAR coefficient is greater for girls, by about a factor of two at very young ages, which increases to about five for ages-at-exposure of 16–18 years. In terms of absolute risk, the thyroid of young children is not more sensitive to radiation-induced cancer than the thyroid of older children. Since the background risk of thyroid cancer in increasing with attained age, a constant absolute risk implies a decreasing relative risk.
URL: http://iopscience.iop.org/0952-4746/24/3/E01/pdf/0952-4746_24_3_E01.pdf
Title: Guidance Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies December 2001 4825fnl.PDF
Author: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
Reference: [PDF-40K]Aug 2008
Keywords:
Abstract: This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) current thinking on this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. An alternative approach may be used if such approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations.
…cause-effect relationship between thyroid radioiodine deposition and thyroid cancer risk. 2 The Chernobyl reactor accident of April 1986…Islanders. Thus, the increase in thyroid cancer seen after Chernobyl is attributable to ingested or…
URL: http://www.orau.org/ptp/PTP%20Library/library/FDA/misc/thyblock.pdf
Title: Dynamics of thyroid cancer incidence in Russia following the Chernobyl accident: eco-epidemiological analysis Medical Radiological Research Center of RAMS, Obninsk
Author: Ivanov V.K., Tsyb A.F., Gorsky A.I., Maksioutov M.A.
Reference: SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES [PDF-172K]Apr 2001
Keywords:
Abstract: The paper presents the analysis of thyroid cancer incidence in the territories of Russia that were most contaminated after the Chernobyl accident. Incidence data in the Bryansk, Kaluga, Orel and Tula regions (5,298 thousand persons) are used. Information on incidence has been obtained from regional oncological dispensaries (state health institutions involved in diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms). Altogether, 2,599 cases of thyroid cancer are considered from 1982 to 1995. Of them, 62 cases were among children and adolescents and 143 among the population who were children and adolescents at the time of the accident in 1986. The study is performed for both sexes. The study compares the distribution of thyroid cancer cases by age at diagnosis and age at exposure. It has been shown that since 1991 the age structure of the incidence has changed significantly with the growing proportion of cases among children and adolescents. The change in the structure occurred due to the radiation factor, specifically as a result of exposure of thyroid to incorporated 131I. A dependence of risk of cancer on age at exposure has been derived. For children of 0-4 years at exposure the risk of induction of radiogenic thyroid cancer is 6-10 times higher than in adults. On the average, the risk co-efficient in children and adolescents at the time of exposure is about 3 times higher than that in adults. The analysis of time trend in thyroid cancer incidence has shown that the incidence rate observed in the period from 1991 to 1995 in the age groups up to 25 years is expected to be maintained in the near future.
URL: http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/radiation/rr11-12/chapter1.pdf
Title: Can different thyroid tumor types be distinguished by polymerase chain reaction-based K- ras mutation detection?
Author: Apple, Sophia K. / Alzona, Maria C. / Jahromi, Soraya A. / Grody, Wayne W.
Reference: Molecular Diagnosis, 3 (3), p.143-148, Sep 1998
doi: 10.1016/S1084-8592(98)80032-5
Keywords: follicular adenoma; follicular carcinoma; papillary carcinoma; oncogenes
Abstract: Thyroid tumors have mutations of the ras oncogenes, although the prognostic and diagnostic significance of this remains unclear. Usually, thyroid follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and papillary carcinoma are easy to differentiate histologically. Occasionally, follicular carcinoma may be difficult to separate from the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, and a molecular test to help differentiate the two would be critical, as their behavior and clinical management differ. In earlier reports, K-ras mutations have been suggested as such a marker.
…normal and proliferative thyroid tissues. Am J Pathol…carcinomas arising from thyroid epithe- lial follicular cells. Gene Chromosomes Cancer 1996;16:1-14 22…benign and malignant thyroid tumors from children…to radiation after the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Oncogene…
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084859298800325
